Introdução:A dismenorreia caracteriza-se pela dor abdominopélvica antes ou durante o período menstrual. Dor cíclica que pode ser acompanhada por cefaleia, vômito, tontura, sensação de inchaço, entre outros sintomas. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito analgésico da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (TENS) na dismenorreia primária em jovens nulíparas. Métodos: Participaram do estudo vinte voluntárias, com idade entre 18 e 26 anos. As participantes foram separadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo placebo (GP, n=10) e grupo tratamento (GT, n=10). A avaliação da dor foi realizada por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA) e do questionário de dor de McGill. O procedimento diário teve duração de 30 minutos, frequência de 100Hz e duração de pulso 200μs, intensidade forte, porém, confortável. Resultados: A redução média dos índices de dor foi maior para GT, porém ambos apresentaram redução significativa. Conclusão: A TENS foi eficaz no tratamento da dor causada pela dismenorreia primária em jovens nulíparas, porém apenas ligeiramente diferente do placebo. Palavras-chave:Dismenorreia; estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea; escala visual analógica; medição da dor. ■ ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dysmenorrhea is characterized by abdominopelvic pain before or during menstruation. Cyclic pain that may be accompanied by headache, vomiting, dizziness, bloating, and other symptoms. Objective: To evaluate the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) analgesic effect for primary dysmenorrhea in young nulliparous women. Methods: The study included twenty volunteers, aged 18 to 26 years. The participants were randomized in two groups: placebo group (PG, n=10) and treatment group (TG, n=10). Pain assessment was performed by the visual analog scale (VAS) and the McGill pain questionnaire. The daily procedure was 30 minutes duration, frequency of 100Hz and pulse duration 200µs, strong intensity, but comfortable. Results: The mean reduction in pain levels were higher for TG, but for both groups they were significantly reduced. Conclusion: The TENS was effective in treating pain caused by primary dysmenorrhea in young nulliparous women, but only slightly different from placebo.

Introduction: Cryotherapy is any form of therapeutic application of cold which decreases the temperature of tissues. Objective: To compare the variations in surface temperature of the quadriceps muscle at three different times when exposed to two forms of cryotherapy: ice bags or bags containing a mixture of ice and water. Material and Methods: The study involved 18 subjects, aged between 18 and 25 years, of both sexes. In each volunteer, ice cryotherapy on the left thigh and a mixture of ice and water on the right thigh was simultaneously applied for 15 minutes to the quadriceps femoris region. The temperature was measured by a thermograph and the following moments were recorded: before cryotherapy, immediately and 5 and 30 minutes after removal of the modality of cryotherapy. Results: Both cryotherapy methods were effective to decrease the temperature of the quadriceps and the mixture of ice and water was able to induce a lower temperature compared to the modality which used ice only. The cooling for both modalities lasted for at least 15 minutes after the removal of ice and surface temperature had been restored at pre application 30 minutes after removal. Conclusion: Both methods promoted a reduction in temperature that lasted at least 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after the with drawal the temperature was reestablished to normal levels. However, the mixture of ice and water produced cooling more remarkable than the ice alone.

Due to Brazil is a tropical country has activities in occupational exposure to cold restricted to few sectors especially the meatpacking industry. Taking into account that the country in 2010, was again the largest exporter of poultry meat in the world and consequently employing a large number of workers for their slaughter and processing. The search for greater productivity can result in an increase in work rate, as indicated in this sector as monotonous, repetitive and uncomfortable. According the Programa de Frigorífico it was found that within six years, about 20% of the six thousand workers in a slaughterhouse in southern Brazil, received welfare benefits due to musculoskeletal diseases. Adding to this, the lack of parameters for the Brazilian standardization concerning occupational activities carried out in cold. Although several epidemiological studies point to the cold as a risk factor for occurrence or aggravation of musculoskeletal disorders, research in this field is still limited and often contradictory conclusions. This article aims to review developments concerning the poultry industry and the fridge in Brazil, as well as raising the question about the increased productivity of the slaughterhouse, since it has already shown a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders related to work.

The cold environment is an indispensable for slaughtering and processing in the poultry industry In field studies it was observed that a large percentage of workers of this sector have hand contact with the cold chicken and / or frozen, have high complaints prevalence of pain and discomfort, mostly in the hands. The contact of human skin with a cold surface may cause pain, numbness and risk of skin damage. Currently, although the use of infrared thermal imaging has been useful in identifying normal and abnormal patterns of heat distribution on the surface of the body. However your use for work tasks and to assess the potential development of injuries related to it has been limited. Based on the physiological responses can be objectively evaluate the effects of the task demands of work and thus contribute to the development of effective strategies for ergonomic intervention. The methodology will be used to evaluate the subjective thermal sensation with analogue scale of ASHRAE and the infrared thermography in the dorsal and palmar hands. Thus the objective of this research is to propose reference values for thermographic hands within limits of comfort.