Abstract. Four weak positional calculi are constructed and examined. They refer to the use of the connective of negation within the scope of the positional connective "R" of realization. The connective of negation may be fully classical, partially analogical or independent from the classical, truthfunctional negation. It has been also proved that the strongest system, containing fully classical connective of negation, is deductively equivalent to the system MR from Jarmużek and Pietruszczak.

Background The aim of the current PodoNet registry analysis was to evaluate the outcome of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children who were not treated with intensified immunosuppression (IIS), focusing on the potential for spontaneous remission and the role of angiotensin blockade on proteinuria reduction. Methods Ninety-five pediatric patients who did not receive any IIS were identified in the PodoNet Registry. Competing risk analyses were performed on 67 patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria at disease onset to explore the cumulative rates of complete or partial remission or progression to kidney failure, stratified by underlying etiology (genetic vs. non-genetic SRNS). In addition, Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed to identify factors predicting proteinuria remission. Results Eighteen of 31 (58.1%) patients with non-genetic SRNS achieved complete remission without IIS, with a cumulative likelihood of 46.2% at 1 year and 57.7% at 2 years. Remission was sustained in 11 children, and only two progressed to kidney failure. In the genetic subgroup (n = 27), complete resolution of proteinuria occurred very rarely and was never sustained; 6 (21.7%) children progressed to kidney failure at 3 years. Almost all children (96.8%) received proteinuria-lowering renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonist treatment. On antiproteinuric treatment, partial remission was achieved in 7 of 31 (22.6%) children with non-genetic SRNS and 9 of 27 children (33.3%) with genetic SRNS. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that spontaneous complete remission can occur in a substantial fraction of children with non-genetic SRNS and milder clinical phenotype. RAAS blockade increases the likelihood of partial remission of proteinuria in all forms of SRNS. Graphical abstract

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The concept of dialetheia and the claim of dialetheism has been examined and compared to such related concept as contradiction, antinomy, consistency and paraconsistency. Dialetheia is a true contradiction and dialetheism is the claim that there exists at least one dialetheia. It has been observed that dialetheism is equivalent to the negation of the traditional principle of contradiction. Hence, dialetheism itself is no new idea in whatsoever. The novelty of dialetheism consists in the arguments delivered for its case. Key justification the partisans deliver for dialetheism has been examined and evaluated: antinomies, an alleged Gödel's paradox, and existence of limits of thought. The structure of those arguments has been analyzed. It has been claimed that they share one and the same simple structure which may be called reverse paradox. The vital content dialetheists add to the traditional paradoxes is only the thesis of reliability of the vernacular prima facie knowledge. Three objections have been raised against the justification of dialetheism: firstly, it has been claimed that exactly the same argument supports principle of contradiction, secondly, it has been questioned whether the arguments preserve their value when logic is subject to revision, and thirdly, it has been claimed that the underlying logic of dialetheism is classical.

Most accounts, including leading textbooks, credit Arthur Norman Prior with the invention of temporal (tense logic). However, (i) Jerzy Łoś delivered his version of temporal logic in 1947, several years before Prior; (ii) Henrk Hiż's review of Łoś's system in Journal of Symbolic Logic was published as early as 1951; (iii) there is evidence to the effect that, when constructing his tense calculi, Prior was aware of Łoś's system. Therefore, although Prior is certainly a key figure in the history tense logic, as well as modal logic in general, it should be accepted both in the literature that temporal logic was invented by Jerzy Łoś.