This paper evaluates the fitting of the hyperspectral bidirectional reflectance data of soil surfaces formed by a cultivator, a pulverizing harrow, and a smoothing harrow, collected in field conditions as illuminated by direct and diffuse solar radiation, to their bidirectional reflectance equivalents measured in the laboratory with only a direct radiation component using the same soil materials shaped such that their roughness was similar to that formed in the field by the farming tools mentioned above. Both kinds of data were measured by the same ASD FieldSpec 3 spectrophotometer attached to goniometric devices, which observed the soil surfaces under the same directions, pointing at various fragments of the surface under field conditions and always pointing at the center of the soil samples under laboratory conditions. The worst average fit for the analyzed soil surfaces did not exceed 36%. The fit was weaker if the soil was spectrally darker with a lower spectrum level, especially at lower solar zenith angles and higher soil surface roughness. It was found that the fit increased from 400 to 450 nm, and decreased especially for wavelengths between 1950 and 2300 nm. A less significant decrease in fit was revealed at around of 700, 940, and 1140 nm.Index Terms-Bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF), field and laboratory measurements, hyperspectral directional reflectance, soil surface roughness.

On the 14th of February, 2015, a huge fire broke out on Łazienkowski Bridge; a five span bridge, 423 m long and 28 m wide, built in the years 1972-74. It was a fully steel structure with four plate girders and orthotropic deck.The fire started under the first span during the replacement of wooden service decks. The next day, the Department of Bridges of the Warsaw University of Technology was designated to conduct an expertise material investigation, geometrical verification, and FEM model analysis. The subject of this paper concentrates on geometrical issues.The main difficulty of this task was the lack of full reference data regarding the bridge's original structure. The old design was incomplete and there was no actual surveying results for the undamaged structure. As a conclusion, some remarks focused on surveying measurements and on the final decision regarding this bridge are given. It was eventually exchanged into a brand new one and put into public use on the 28th of October, 2015.

<p>The paper consists of three topics. First part presents results of investigation of 8 years old FRP truss footbridge working under static and dynamic loads. Second topic is devoted to ongoing research on joints of FRP pultruded profiles in bridge structure. Some kinds of mechanical and glued-mechanical connectors were tested in the laboratory and on real pedestrian bridge. The FEM models for verification are also presented. In the third part of paper, new build inclined steel arch footbridge with composite polymer curved in plane deck is shown. Main girder is filed partly with self-compacted concrete to fulfill dynamic comfort criteria for pedestrian bridges. Special attention is paid to dynamic analysis of the structure with taking into account the simulation of aerodynamic impact from lorries traveling under the bridge. Generally, the paper gives current state of art in design, construction and maintenance of FRP bridges in Poland.</p>

<p>A huge fire on Lazienkowski Bridge across Vistula River - one of the most important bridges in the center of Warsaw – capitol of Poland occurred on 14 of February 2015. The bridge was built in 1972-74as full steel structure with three wooden service decks between girders. It consisted of five four girders continuous spans 76,5+90,0+90,0+90,0+76,5 m. The fire started during the exchanging of these wooden elements under the first span. It started in the afternoon and was extinguished next day in the morning. During that time three spans were under fire. Extensive investigation and analysis were done during next 6 weeks including material investigation, geometrical verification of steel superstructure and FEM model analysis to determine the behavior of bridge during thermal overloads. Following results are presented in the paper i.e. local deformation of the deck and webs of the girders, global rotation of the outer girders and global displacement of the all four girders (also due to bearing and expansion joints behavior).</p>

No abstract