Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a taxa de emissão de metano (CH 4 ) pela técnica do gás traçador, hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF 6 ), em bovinos leiteiros a pasto em condições tropicais brasileiras. As medições foram realizadas na estação das chuvas, com adequada oferta de forragem, em animais da raça Holandesa e Mestiça Leiteira Brasileira em pastagem de capim-tobiatã (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tobiatã) adubada, com vacas em lactação, vacas secas e novilhas, e em pastagem de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) não adubada com novilhas. As concentrações de CH 4 e SF 6 foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. A emissão de CH 4 pelas vacas em lactação foi de 13,8 a 16,8 g/hora, pelas vacas secas de 11,6 a 12,3 g/hora, pelas novilhas em pastagem adubada de 9,5 g/hora, e pelas novilhas em pastagem sem adubo de 7,6 a 8,3 g/hora ou 66 a 72 kg/animal/ano. A emissão de CH 4 por matéria seca digestiva ingerida foi de 42 a 69 g/kg em vacas em lactação, de 46 a 56 g/kg em vacas secas, 45 a 58 g/kg em novilhas ingerindo pasto adubado e 58 a 62 g/kg em novilhas em pastagem sem adubo. A emissão de CH 4 por bovinos leiteiros ingerindo gramíneas tropicais é superior à emissão por bovinos ingerindo gramíneas de clima temperado.Termos para indexação: traçador interno, hexafluoreto de enxofre, metano ruminal, gás de efeito estufa. Dairy cattle enteric methane measured in Brazilian tropical conditionsAbstract -The objective of this work was to quantify methane (CH 4 ) emission using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) tracer technique, by dairy cattle on pasture in Brazilian tropical field conditions. Measurements were performed in the rainy season, with Holstein and Holstein x Zebu crossbred, from lactating and dry cows and heifers grazing fertilized Tobiatã grass, and heifers grazing unfertilized Brachiaria grass. Methane and SF 6 concentrations were determined by gas chromatograph. Methane emissions by lactating cows varied from 13.8 to 16.8 g/hour, by dry cows from 11.6 to 12.3 g/hour, by heifers grazing fertilized grass was 9.5 g/hour and by heifers grazing unfertilized grass varied from 7.6 to 8.3 g/hour or 66 to 72 kg/head/year. Methane emission per digestive dry matter intake (DMDI) varied from 42 to 69 g/kg DMDI for lactating cows, 46 to 56 g/kg for dry cows, 45 to 58 g/kg for heifers grazing fertilized grass and 58 to 62 g/kg for heifers in unfertilized grass pasture. The CH 4 emission measured on dairy cattle feeding tropical grasses was higher than that observed for temperate climate conditions. Index terms: internal tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, ruminal methane, greenhouse gas.(1) Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Caixa Postal 339, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP. E-mail: odo@cppse.embrapa.br (2) Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Caixa Postal 69, CEP 13820-000 Jaguariúna, SP. E-mail: rosa@cnpma.embrapa.br, magda@cnpma.embrapa.br (3) Universidade Estadual Paulista, Fac. de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelanne, km 5, s/n o , CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP. E-mail: pedreira@f...
RESUMO -Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar os efeitos de idades de colheita e do uso de inoculante enzimático-bacteriano sobre os parâmetros de fermentação, de composição química e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) das silagens dos cultivares Tanzânia e Mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq.). As forragens foram colhidas aos 45 e 60 dias após o corte de uniformização, submetidas a dois tratamentos (A -Ensilagem sem aditivo [Controle]; B -Ensilagem com adição de inoculante enzimático-bacteriano) e distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (dois capins x duas inoculações x duas idades de corte), com três repetições. O conteúdo de MS das silagens confeccionadas com as plantas colhidas aos 60 dias de rebrota foi superior àquele das silagens colhidas com 45 dias. As silagens confeccionadas com as plantas colhidas aos 45 dias de rebrota apresentaram os maiores teores de PB (11,9%). Não se observaram efeitos das silagens, dos tratamentos e das idades de corte sobre os teores de hemicelulose, celulose e DIVMS e valores de pH e N-NH 3 . As silagens do capim-tanzânia apresentaram os maiores teores de MS, FDN, FDA, ácido lático e ácido butírico, enquanto as de capim-mombaça, os de PB e de ácido acético. A adição de inoculante enzimático-bateriano promoveu silagens com menores teores de MS, PB e lignina que as não-tratadas. Os capins tanzânia e mombaça não apresentaram limitações ao processo de ensilagem. O inoculante enzimático-bacteriano não melhorou as características qualitativas, fermentativas e nutricionais das silagens avaliadas.Palavras-chave: aditivos, DIVMS, enzimas, idades de corte, Panicum maximum, pH Enzymatic-Bacterial Inoculants, Chemical Composition and Fermentation Characteristics of Tanzaniagrass and Mombaçagrass SilagesABSTRACT -The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of the harvest time (45 or 60 days of regrowth), and enzymaticbacterial inoculants on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of silages from Tanzânia and Mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq.) cultivars. Forages, cut in the different ages, were ensiled according two treatments: A -Control; B -Ensiled with enzymatic-bacterial inoculants. A completely randomized experimental design was in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (grass x inoculation x cutting ages) with three replications. The DM content of silages harvest ed at 60 days of regrowth showed higher values than that harvested at 45 days. The silages from 45 days of regrowth showed higher content of CP (11.9%). Forage silages, cutting age and inoculant addition did not affect the content of hemicellulose, cellulose and IVDMD, and pH and NH 3 -N values. Tanzaniagrass showed higher DM, NDF, ADF, lactic acid and butyric acid contents, while Mombaçagrass, CP and acetic acid contents. Enzymatic-bacterial inoculant addition showed the lowest content of DM, CP and lignin as compared to no addition. Tanzaniagrass and Mombaçagrass did not show limitations to silage process. Enzy...
Ruminal gases, particularly methane, generated during the fermentative process in rumen, represent a partial loss of feed energy and are also pointed to as an important factors in greenhouse effect. This study aimed at quantifying methane (CH4) emission rates from lactating and dry cows and heifers, 24 month-old in average, on pasture under Southeast Brazil tropical conditions, using the tracer gas technique, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), four animals per category, distributed in four blocks. Measurements were performed in February and June, 2002, with Holstein and Brazilian Dairy Crossbred (Holstein ¾ x Gir (Zebu) ¼), maintained on fertilized Tanzania-grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania) and fertilized Brachiaria-grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) pastures. Heifers of both breeds were maintained on unfertilized Brachiaria-grass to simulate conditions of extensive cattle farming systems. CH4 and SF6 levels were measured with gas chromatography. Differences in CH4 emissions were measured (p < 0.05) for genetical groups. Holstein produced more methane (299.3 g day-1) than the Crossbred (264.2 g day-1). Lactating cows produced more methane (353.8 g day-1) than dry cows (268.8 g day-1) and heifers (222.6 g day-1). Holstein, with greater milk production potential, produced less CH4 (p < 0.05) per unit of dry matter intake (19.1 g kg-1) than the Crossbred (22.0 g kg-1). Methane emission by heifers grazing fertilized pasture (intensive system) was 222.6 g day-1, greater (p < 0.05) than that of heifers on unfertilized pasture (179.2 g day-1). Methane emission varied as function of animal category and management intensity of production system.
RESUMOConduziu-se o experimento na UNESP-Jaboticabal, no período de inverno-primavera-verão de [2001][2002], objetivando determinar os teores de proteína bruta (PB), parede celular (FDN, FDA, lignina, celulose e hemicelulose) e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO) no capim-Tifton 85 exclusivo e sobressemeado com aveia preta, milheto e sorgo-sudão. Os tratamentos testados foram: milheto+aveia preta; AG2501C+aveia preta, sobressemeados nas áreas de Tifton-85, em 19-06 ou 02-07-2002, e capim-Tifton 85 (Testemunha). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os teores de PB foram maiores na primeira avaliação quando comparada às demais. Observou-se aumento nos teores de FDN, FDA e lignina, e comportamento inverso nos valores de DIVMO, em relação aos períodos de crescimento, nas duas épocas de semeadura. Os teores avaliados de PB, parede celular e DIVMO apresentaram variação em função da composição botânica e morfológica, no decorrer das avaliações e épocas de semeadura.Termos para indexação: Aveia preta, constituintes da parede celular, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, triticale. ABSTRACTThe experiment was conducted at UNESP-Jaboticabal on the 2001-2002 winter-spring-summer period to evaluate the crude protein, cell wall (NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) contents, and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of the Tifton 85 alone or overseeded with annual species (oat, pearl millet, and sorghum Sudan grass-SS). It was evaluated the followings treatments: pearl millet plus bristal oat; SS AG2501 C plus bristeal oat, overseeded on Tifton 85 area on 06/19/02, or 07/02/02, and Tifton 85. The data were analyzed according a randomized block design with three repetitions. The CP was highest on the forage harvested at the first evaluation. The cell wall content increased, and IVOMD decreased, in relation to the plant development in booth seeding time. The CP, cell wall contents, and IVOMD changed during the evaluations and seeding time due to the botanical and plants morphological composition.
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