RESUMO.Este trabalho discute os efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre as comunidades de aves verificados em diversos estudos, e apresenta considerações para a conservação da avifauna. Os principais fatores ambientais determinantes da riqueza de aves em florestas e que são alterados no processo de fragmentação são a área florestal, o grau de isolamento, a diversidade de hábitats e o efeito de borda. Os diversos estudos diferiram em seus resultados em relação aos efeitos da fragmentação sobre a avifauna, mas alguns padrões são notáveis: 1. extinção seletiva de espécies nos fragmentos (há grupos mais susceptíveis ou mais resistentes ao processo, enquanto outros são até beneficiados); 2. densidade compensatória (aumento na densidade de algumas espécies em relação a sua densidade em florestas contínuas). Os resultados levam à conclusão de que para uma plena conservação da comunidade de aves florestais de uma região é necessária a conservação das grandes florestas, ao invés de diversos fragmentos pequenos.Palavras-chave: aves, biogeografia de ilhas, conservação, fragmentos florestais, SLOSS.
ABSTRACT. Effects of forest fragmentation on bird communities.Effects of forest fragmentation on bird communities and considerations for avifauna conservation are discussed here. Forest area, isolation, habitat diversity, and edge effect are the main environmental factors that determine bird richness in forests, and they undergo alterations during forest fragmentation. Several studies have shown different results regarding to fragmentation effects on the avifauna, and some of them are noticeable, such as: (1) selective extinction within the fragments, i. e., some groups are more susceptible than others to the process and some other groups are even benefited by fragmentation; (2) compensatory density, meaning that there is a density increase of some species in relation to their density in continuous forests. It has been enforced that it is necessary to preserve large extensions of forests instead of preserving several small fragments.
Waterbirds play important roles in maintaining ecosystem functioning in wetlands. However, the lack of essential information about the levels of interaction between waterbirds and wetland characteristics is a major impediment for service valuation. In this study, we examined the influence of the flood pulse across different freshwater habitats on the functional diversity and possible assembly structuring mechanisms of herons and storks in a neotropical floodplain. We investigated functional richness, evenness and divergence as descriptors of the functional diversity in rivers, channels and both connected and isolated lagoons across different phases of the hydrological cycle. We also compared observed values of functional diversity with expected null models to untangle the main mechanisms driving assemblages. We found spatiotemporal variation in functional diversity in wader assemblages of the high Paran a River floodplain. The functional diversity of Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes varied mainly in rivers, channels and connected lagoons opposed to isolated lagoons in a floodplain, and mostly during flood events, right after floods or after a long period of drought. This suggests that the variation in the water level plays different roles in maintaining wading birds' functional diversity in connected and isolated habitats. Also, wading bird assemblages in this floodplain may be structured by neutral mechanisms, independent of habitat type or hydrological period, which may support the idea that species traits are not important in explaining their coexistence patterns. Our study contributes to the understanding of how environmental variations may affect functional diversity, a first step towards understanding how changes in waterbird communities affect the magnitude and stability of services provided by them.
Riqueza, composição e distribuição espacial da comunidade de aves Riqueza, composição e distribuição espacial da comunidade de aves Riqueza, composição e distribuição espacial da comunidade de aves Riqueza, composição e distribuição espacial da comunidade de aves em um fragmento florestal urbano em Maringá, Norte do Estado do em um fragmento florestal urbano em Maringá, Norte do Estado do em um fragmento florestal urbano em Maringá, Norte do Estado do em um fragmento florestal urbano em Maringá, Norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil Paraná, Brasil Paraná, Brasil Paraná, Brasil
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