Mitochondrial genotypes of Africanized honeybees fromBrazil and Uruguay were surveyed by DraI restriction of the COI-COII region. Eleven mitotypes were found, three of which had not previously been described (A28-A30). Out of 775 samples (725 from Brazil, 50 from Uruguay), 197 were A1 and 520 were A4. A1 frequency increases toward the north of Brazil, whereas A4 frequency increases toward the south, a pattern echoing the African distribution. The origin of the A4 and most of the A1 African patterns can be attributed to the introduction of Apis mellifera scutellata into Brazil in 1956. The A29 and A30 patterns have the P1 sequence observed in many Iberian Peninsula samples, which represent the traces of the introductions into Brazil and Uruguay by settlers.

To study the degree of interpopulational differentiation and racial admixture in Africanized honeybees, we collected worker bees from three regions of Brazil (the northeast, the state of Sao Paulo, and Porto Alegre) and from Uruguay and determined their genotypes for 10 enzyme loci. We also performed a morphometric analysis on forewing measurements of worker bees from the northeast and Porto Alegre regions of Brazil and from Paysandu, Uruguay. Comparative analysis of interpopulational heterogeneity snowed that there are significant differences, especially at the Mdh locus, among the populations from different regions. An increase in the frequency of the Mdh allele was observed from north to south, with predominance in the Uruguayan populations. A small component of interpopulational variability was detected in the populations studied. Racial admixture was calculated from information obtained for Mdh in Africa and Europe. The percentages of racial admixture differed slightly but significantly among Brazilian regions. The morphometric study based on canonical variables exhibited a similar pattern. The greater proportions of Apis mellifera adansonii alleles in the admixture may be explained by selection during the initial stage of migration of Africanized bees and by preferential mating between individuals of the same race. Differences in the proportions of A. m. adansonii alleles between regions indicate incipient populational differentiation of Africanized bees. We suggest that greater gene flow from the European races in the south of Brazil could be one of the causes of this phenomenon.

-Sequence data from the mitochondrial 16S rDNA of 34 species from 22 genera of stingless bees plus outgroup sequences from 11 species of other corbiculate bees were used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among the Meliponini. Equally weighted parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses were performed. Four main clades were recognized in the parsimony consensus tree: (A) Hypotrigona, (B) Austroplebeia, (C) remaining African genera (Plebeina, Meliplebeia, and Axestotrigona) plus the two Oriental genera (Lepidotrigona and Heterotrigona), and (D) Neotropical genera. The African genus Hypotrigona was placed as the most basal branch in the tribe, followed by Austroplebeia as the sister group of other two major clades (C and D). Our results did not support traditional groups with intercontinental composition, e.g. Trigona sensu lato or Plebeia sensu lato.stingless bees / Meliponini / 16S rDNA / phylogeny

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Apis mellifera scutellata was introduced to Brazil in 1956 and Africanized honeybee populations have now spread from Argentina to the southwestern United States. Temperate climatic restrictions seem to be a natural limit to Africanized honeybee expansion around parallels 35°to 40°SL. We used allozyme loci (Mdh-1 and Hk-1) and mtDNA haplotypes to characterize honeybee populations in southern Brazil and Uruguay and define a possible transition area between Africanized and European bees. Samples of 194 bee colonies were collected from ten localities between 30°-35°SL and 52°-59°WL. The mtDNA restriction patterns of these colonies were obtained through digestion of the mitochondrial genome by Eco RI, or by digestion by Bgl II and Xba I of the cytochrome B locus and the COI-COII intergenic region, respectively. The distribution limit of African bee colonies, i.e., those populations with only the African mtDNA haplotype and with a high proportion of African genes as shown by allozyme analysis, is located in northern Uruguay, with a hybridization zone located farther south in Uruguay. A gradual cline from north to south was observed, confirmed by mtDNA, racial admixture, and genetic distance analyses. No evidence of either gametic disequilibrium between nuclear markers or cytonuclear disequilibrium among the nuclear and mtDNA genotypes was detected, suggesting that the hybridization process has been completed.