Introduction The observation of multiple lesions in a skull computed tomography (CT) scan is always cause for concern because of the frequent possibility of neoplastic etiology, although granulomatous, infectious, vascular, iatrogenic, demielinating, trauma, parasitic diseases, and strokes can produce a similar aspect on radiology. A wide range of non-neoplastic conditions can mimic a brain tumor, both clinically and radiologically, representing a potential pitfall for physicians involved in patient care. The study's goal is to alert specialists to the possibility of other neoplastic and nonneoplastic etiologies in the differential diagnosis of hypodense lesions in non-contrast. Methods We performed a literature review using PubMed, Medline, Science Direct, Embase, Clinical Trials, Ebsco, and Scielo. Articles were selected in the period of 1986 to 2015. Discussion Knowledge of various etiologies when with multiple lesions appear on computed tomography allows specialists to guide the diagnosis to appropriate treatment, avoiding the irradiation of non-neoplastic lesions and unnecessary surgeries. The most common lesions were the neoplasm (74% to 86%), especially gliomas, followed by infections (8% to 15%), and infarcts (0.6% to 6%), which represent nonneoplastic lesions.
Introduction The middle meningeal artery (MMA) is an important artery in neurosurgery. As the largest branch of the maxillary artery, it provides nutrition to the meninges and to the frontal and parietal regions. Diseases, including dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), pseudoaneurysm, true aneurysm, traumatic arteriovenous fistula (TAVF), Moya-Moya disease (MMD), recurrent chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH), migraine, and meningioma, may be related to the MMA. The aim of the present study is to describe the anatomy of the MMA and to correlate it with brain diseases. Methods A literature review was performed using the PubMed, Scielo, Scientific Direct, Ebsco, LILACS, TripDataBase and Cochrane databases, with the following descriptors: neurosurgery, neuroanatomy, meninges and blood supply. Discussion The MMA is embedded in a cranial groove, and traumatic or iatrogenic factors can result in MMA-associated pseudoaneurysms or arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). In hemodynamic stress, true aneurysms can develop. Arteriovenous fistulas, pseudoaneurysms, and true aneurysms can be effectively treated by endovascular or surgical removal. In MMD, the MMA plays a role in the development and in the improvement of collateral circulation. Finally, in cases of CSDH, when standard surgery and drainage fail, MMA embolization can constitute a great alternative. Conclusion The MMA is a relevant structure for the understanding of neurosurgical diseases. In conclusion, every neurosurgeon must know the anatomy of the MMA sufficiently to correlate it with the diagnosed pathology, thus obtaining treatment effectiveness and preventing brain lesion.
Introducción: La Craniectomía Descompresiva es una técnica quirúrgica conocida desde hace más de un siglo, sin embargo, su utilidad ha sido debatida por diferentes neurocirujanos a lo largo de los años. Después del año 1998, la técnica pasó a ser utilizada de forma significativa para una amplia variedad de patologías en las que la hipertensión intracraneal tiene comportamiento refractario. La técnica de descompresión intracraneal aumenta la complacencia, disminuye la presión intracraneal y aumenta la presión de perfusión cerebral con preservación del tejido. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es establecer cuándo y cómo realizar la Craniectomía Descompresiva frente a una complicación de la Hemorragia Subaracnóidea Aneurismática o cirugía de aneurismas no rotos. Metodología: Se realizó un universo transversal mediante la revisión de los prontuarios de pacientes sometidos a craniectomia descompresiva debido a la hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática o aneurismas no rotos. Los procedimientos se realizaron en el Servicio de Neurocirugía de la Santa Casa de Misericordia de Ribeirão Preto, SP. Resultados: Del año 2010 a 2014, se realizaron 144 craniectomías, siendo 37 por aneurismas (22 rotos); (3%), grado II: 14 casos (64%), grado III: 1 caso (4%), grado II: 7 casos (32%), grado II: 14 casos (64%), grado III: 1 caso (4%); (2%), Fisher 2: 3 casos (14%), Fisher 3: 5 casos (23%), Fisher 4: 8 casos (36%), 15 casos no rotos. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 48 años. 22 casos (60%) sobrevivieron (14 asintomáticos, 4 con déficit, 2 síntomas menores, 2 pérdida de seguimiento); 15 casos (40%) fallecieron. Se produjo 10 casos reoperados, siendo 1 caso el mismo día, 4 casos en el 2º día y 5 casos en el tercer día. De estos, 4 (40%) sobrevivieron y 6 (60%) fallecieron. Complicaciones de las reoperaciones: 1 hidrocefalia, 3 is-quios, 4 hematomas intraparenquimatosos, 2 hipertensiones refractarias. Hunt-Hess y Fisher altos fueron los de peor pronóstico. Las complicaciones que resultaron en craniectomia fueron hematomas, isquemia, edema o asociaciones, asimetría y desviación de la línea media mayor que 0,5 cm. Discusión: El objetivo de la Craniectomía descompresiva es reducir la presión intracraneal, independientemente del factor causal, cuando la PIC se eleva a valores alarmantes. En 1940, Erlich sugirió la realización de Craniectomía Descompresiva para todas las lesiones craneales con coma persistente por más de 24-48 horas. Rowbotham, en 1942, recomendó la técnica para todos los comas traumáticos en que el tratamiento clínico fue ineficaz por 12 horas. Los pacientes con HSA severa a menudo poseen un pronóstico malo, no obstante, sobre la base de los resultadosalentadores de la Craniectomía Descompresiva en el tratamiento de los TCE y AVCi, hay crecientes relatos de la efectividad de la craneiectomía descompresiva en el tratamiento de HSA. Conclusión: Craniectomía Descompresiva reduce la hipertensión intracraneal con disminución de la morbimortalidad. No indicamos craniectomías localizadas por el riesgo de isquemia en los bordes y empeoramiento clínico. La cirugía precoz evoluciona con mejores resultados, menor número de muertes y fortalece la relación médico-paciente. La monitorización de la presión intracraneal (PIC) es fundamental, sobre todo en los casos limítrofes, en los que la decisión sobre la realización de la craniectomía es un desafío en el primer momento.
Introduction: Anterior communicating artery complex (ACoA) is the most frequent intracranial aneurysms (30%) and the most complex of the anterior circulation, due to variation of architecture, flow and many branches involved. This paper aims toestablish anatomical study and clinical manifestations, analyzing a series of cases of AcoA aneurysms. Methods: Articles in PubMed, Scientific Direct were reviewed using as key words, anatomy variations. In addition, AcoA features were analyzedbased on our series cases. Results: Most common anatomical variations found in the literature were: plexiform (30%), curling (33%), fenestration (21%), duplication (18%). Clinical features: Fasciobraquial hemiparesis, headache, personality changes,intellectual deficit, anxiety, fear, emotional disturbances, dizziness, agitation, hypokinesia, decreased level of consciousness. Total of 5-year series of 234 cerebral aneurysms (32 deaths -13.6 %). Analyzing the series, 41 ACoA (18%), with 32 ruptured (78%); 19 deaths (46%); 16 prior hypertension arterial (39%); and a ratio between women and men of 2.25 were found. Conclusion: In our series, we concluded that the ACoA aneurysms are more common in women, the diagnosis is often after rupture and highincidence of death. Probably the anatomical variations, location between bifurcation arteries, A1 characteristics and different direction of the domus, contribute for different outcomes and uncertain clinics. Therefore, to predict the topography of theaneurysm by analyzing only the clinic is difficult.
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