Noninvasive brain stimulation is increasingly being investigated for the enhancement of cognition, yet current approaches appear to be limited in their degree and duration of effects. The majority of studies to date have delivered stimulation in "standard" ways (i.e., anodal transcranial direct current stimulation or high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation). Specialized forms of stimulation, such as theta burst stimulation (TBS), which more closely mimic the brains natural firing patterns may have greater effects on cognitive performance. We report here the findings from the first-ever investigation into the persistent cognitive and electrophysiological effects of intermittent TBS (iTBS) delivered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In 19 healthy controls, active iTBS significantly improved performance on an assessment of working memory when compared with sham stimulation across a period of 40 min post stimulation. The behavioral findings were accompanied by increases in task-related fronto-parietal theta sychronization and parietal gamma band power. These results have implications for the role of more specialized stimulation approaches in neuromodulation.

Background/Aim: The current literature conjectures that oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in younger patients is an entirely separate entity with a different risk profile. We aimed to uncover the potential risk factors of OSCC and evaluated the long-term outcome in such patients. Patients and Methods: This hospital-based case-control study included 40 patients with OSCC and 40 controls under the age of 46 years. Survival was analyzed via Kaplan-Meier estimates, including a follow-up of up to 24.3 years. Results: The patients with OSCC were prone to smoking and drinking heavily and even suffered secondary organ damage to the lungs and the liver at this young age. Early diagnosed as well as surgically treated patients had superior 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival. Conclusion: Young patients with OSCC were found to have a traditional risk profile. Secondary organ damage to the liver and the lungs might be considered as a risk indicator. The meticulous screening of every age group with this risk profile is key to early diagnosis and acceptable treatment results.