The late flourishing of environmental history has been accompanied by attempts to combine it with a microhistorical approach, improving our understanding of specific events of the past as well as pointing to relevant historical insights at the macro level, which might inform policy-driven contemporary debates on environmental issues. Therefore, this article attempts to shed light on the epistemology and historiography of microhistory, stressing its basis on the indiciary paradigm as avowed by the Italian microhistorian Carlo Ginzburg, its emphasis on context, relations and connections, and its potential for unveiling new information at the macro level. It is asserted that these features make the microhistorical approach an adequate methodological tool to environmental history, anticipating a fruitful future for environmental microhistory.
Resumo Com base nos conceitos de consumo sustentável e suficiência ecológica, busca-se neste artigo contrapor os diferentes discursos relacionados ao tema, como a modernização ecológica, a abordagem de Amartya Sen, o movimento sul-americano do buen vivir e a defesa da justiça ambiental, assim como revelar a influência das relações de poder sobre o processo de transição para formas justas e sustentáveis de organização social.
O trabalho abordou a regulação de preços praticada no Brasil pela Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos (CMED) e seus efeitos sobre as aquisições de medicamentos do Estado de Minas Gerais. Foi feita uma comparação entre os preços de medicamentos adquiridos pelo Estado, os preços de licitações registrados no Banco de Preços em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde e os preços-teto definidos pela CMED. A partir dos resultados observados, pôde-se concluir que o efeito sobre as compras públicas de Minas Gerais depende do grau de concorrência do medicamento em questão. Medicamentos que pertencem às classes terapêuticas concorrenciais apresentaram forte descolamento entre preços praticados e preços regulados, o que evidencia a ineficácia da regulação da CMED para este grupo de medicamentos. Nos casos de classes terapêuticas com um ou poucos ofertantes, os valores praticados e regulados são muito próximos, ainda que pouco competitivos em relação a preços internacionais. A fórmula de reajustes anuais da CMED foi considerada uma das principais causas da ineficácia do controle de preços em garantir o interesse público. Os resultados apontam para possíveis perdas na economicidade das compras públicas de medicamentos no Estado de Minas Gerais.
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ABSTRACTThe paper refers to price regulation in Brazil performed by the Pharmaceutical Market Regulation Board (CMED) and its effects on public biddings of pharmaceuticals in the State of Minas Gerais. The prices of drugs purchased by Minas Gerais were compared with prices registered in the Healthcare Price Database (BPS) of the Ministry of Health, and price ceilings as defined by CMED. The results led to the conclusion that price regulation effects on public biddings in Minas Gerais depend on the level of competition seen in each specific product. Drugs belonging to therapeutic classes with higher levels of market competition were linked to wider differences among actual prices and regulatory ceilings, hinting toward CMED regulation inefficacy in these cases. On the other hand, therapeutic classes with only one or a few bidders corresponded to more similar levels of actual prices and regulatory ceilings, although both values were deemed higher than average international prices. CMED's annual readjustments formula was considered one of the main causes of the price regulation ineffectiveness to foster the public interest. The results imply possible economic losses in the public procurement of pharmaceuticals in the State of Minas Gerais.
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