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SUMMARYThe paper describes a procedure for the non-linear analysis of structures which are an assemblage of beams with material non-linearities of general type; the approach uses the equilibrium integrals and a consistent iterative formulation at the element level, within the general framework of the displacement method for the solution of the global structural problem. The application of di erent approaches to the non-linear beam problem is presented and discussed including the traditional sti ness and exibility approach and some mixed formulations. The proposed equilibrium-based approach is shown to be more accurate and more robust than the traditional compatibility-based approach, on which most of the non-linear beam elements available today are based. Similar advantages are also found with respect to an approach based on the three-ÿeld mixed assumed strain method.

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