With the advance of automation in the field of transportation, the number of emerging systems that are going to be deployed on the European roads is growing fast. The aim of C-Roads Italy, part of the Europe-wide C-Roads Project, is to evaluate the impacts on public roads and the feasible operational modes of Truck Platooning, when jointly implemented with Day 1 C-ITS. This paper firstly reports an extended summary of the available bibliography on Truck Platooning, focused on the assessment of the implementation scenario presented as an example in Section IV. The literature review is necessary to investigate the more promising implementation schemes in the short term on the European area and the system expected impacts when deployed as a stand-alone service. Then, the evaluation methodology that is currently being drafted in the activity of C-Roads Italy is described, aimed to assess the jointed impact of Day 1 C-ITS services and Truck Platooning. Finally, a meaningful example of the approach for the evaluation of the jointed implementation of Truck Platooning and C-ITS services is presented, considering one of the use cases of the Road Works Warning Service, as defined in the current version of the C-Roads documents.

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Introduction In the near future, automated vehicles will drive on public roads together with traditional vehicles. Even though almost the whole academia agrees on that statement, the possible interferences between the two different kinds of driver are still to be analyzed and the real impacts on the traffic flow to be under-stood. Objectives Aim of this paper is to study one of the most likely L3 automated system to be deployed on public roads in the short term: Highway Chauffeur. The analysis of this system is carried out on a roadwork scenario to assess the positive impacts arising from a joint implementation of the automated system and the C-ITS Use Case signaling the closure of a lane. In fact, the main contribution of this paper is the assessment of the possible benefits in travel times and driving regime arising from the joint implementation of the Highway Chauffeur system and of C-ITS messages, both for the vehicles equipped with both technologies and for the surrounding traffic. Methods The assessment is achieved through traffic simulations carried out with the VISSIM software and a Python script developed by the authors. The overall process is described and the obtained results are provided, commented and compared to define the implementation of the C-ITS Use Case that could maximize the benefits of L3 driving. Results These results showed how triggering the take-over maneuver in ad-vance fosters the bottleneck efficiency (the same speed values reached between 80 and 100% Market Penetration for around 700 m range of the C-ITS message are reached at 50% Market Penetration with a 1500 m range). Besides, an in-creased speed up to 30 km/h at the bottleneck is recorded, depending on the mar-ket penetration and the message range. Finally, the delay upstream the roadworks entrance is reduced by 6% and arises at around 700 m, without the need to deploy the message up to 1500 m. Conclusions The paper investigates the impacts of take-over maneuvers and of automated driving while considering different operational parameters such as the message range. The results suggest all the potentialities of the Use Case while providing interesting figures that frame the trends related to the different imple-mentations. Finally, the tool developed to carry out the presented analysis is re-ported and made available so that hopefully the Use Case may be explored further and a precise impact assessment may be carried out with different prototypes of AVs and on different infrastructures.

Road safety is certainly a main drive toward automated driving. Removing the human factor from driving maneuvers allows to prevent crashes caused or fostered by human flaws, such as distraction or tiredness. However, full automation on public roads is still a goal to be achieved, and different solutions are currently being developed. In the short term, one of the most promising examples is the Highway Chauffeur system, capable of performing fully automated driving in defined conditions and environments. The scope of this paper is to evaluate the number of crashes that could possibly be addressed through a defined market penetration of Highway Chauffeur vehicles (HC vehicles in the article). The evaluation is based on a bibliographical review and on an analysis of crash-related data recorded in Italy by the National Statistical Institute-ISTAT-on public roads. By using the information publicly available on ISTAT's website, this paper provides a first magnitude concerning the number of crashes addressable by the Highway Chauffeur system, and final considerations on the future research to be carried out.