57 Surprisingly, we found that species trees estimated from interspecific F ST provided better 58 approximations of mtDNA relationships among the studied species than those estimated using D C , 59even though F ST was more affected by null alleles. We observed a significantly non-linear second 60 order polynomial relationship between microsatellite and mtDNA distances. We propose that the loss 61 of linearity with increasing mtDNA distance stems from an increasing proportion of homoplastic allele 62 size classes that are identical in state, but not identical by descent. Therefore, despite high cross-63 species amplification success and high polymorphism among the closely related Pachyptila species, 64we caution against the use of microsatellites in phylogenetic inference among distantly related taxa.

On the basis of the experiments carried out over various years, it was concluded that (1) grayling Thymallus thymallus and brown trout Salmo trutta are resistant to temperature-induced sex reversal at ecologically relevant temperatures, (2) environmental sex reversal is unlikely to cause the persistent sex ratio distortion observed in at least one of the study populations and (3) sex-specific tolerance of temperature-related stress may be the cause of distorted sex ratios in populations of T. thymallus or S. trutta.

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed in Sebaea aurea (Gentianaceae) to investigate the functional role of diplostigmaty (i.e., the presence of additional stigmas along the style).• Methods and Results: One hundred seventy-four and 180 microsatellite loci were isolated through 454 shotgun sequencing of genomic and microsatellite-enriched DNA libraries, respectively. Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were characterized, and 12 of them were selected to genotype individuals from two populations. Microsatellite amplification was conducted in two multiplex groups, each containing six microsatellite loci. Cross-species amplification was tested in seven other species of Sebaea. The 12 novel microsatellite loci amplified only in the two most closely related species to S. aurea (i.e., S. ambigua and S. minutiflora) and were also polymorphic in these two species.• Conclusions: These results demonstrate the usefulness of this set of newly developed microsatellite loci to investigate the mating system and population genetic structure in S. aurea and related species.