Brailowsky and Garcia (1999) proposed the existence of a relationship between epilepsy and addiction. To prove this hypothesis, pentylenetetrazol kindled rats were tested in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm for their reaction to various addictive drugs with different modes of action (morphine, cocaine and ethanol). In separate experiments, locomotor activity and body temperature after application of the same drugs were tested in kindled and non-kindled rats. In the CPP experiment there were significant differences between both groups of rats. Non-kindled animals showed place preference to morphine (5.0 mg/kg) or cocaine (20.0 mg/kg). This reaction was abolished in the kindled rats. Moreover, control rats demonstrated aversion to 2.0 g/kg ethanol. However, ethanol aversion was not detectable in kindled rats. Moreover, there was no difference between non-kindled and kindled rats in locomotor activity and body temperature after morphine (1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg), cocaine (10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg), or ethanol (0.5 and 2.0 g/kg) application. This suggests alterations in reward systems as a consequence of kindling. It is hypothesised that GABAergic neurones in the ventral tegmental area might play a major role in the alterations found.

Ziel: Auswertungen des semiquantitativen BrodyScore quantifizieren das Ausmaß CF-bedingter Lungenschädigung. Die Studie untersuchte die Kurz-(KZI, 28 -60 Tage) und Langzeit-(LZI, 2 -7 Jahre), Intra-und Inter-Betrachter-Reproduzierbarkeit des Brody-Scores und seiner Subscores (Bronchiektasen, peribronchiale Zeichnungsvermehrung, Mucusplugging, Gewebekonsolidierung und Überblähung) anhand von Niedrig-Dosis-Multidetektor-CT-Aufnahmen in Inspiration (LDCT) von 15 erwachsenen CF-Patienten. Material und Methoden: Die Niedrig-Dosis-Multidetektor-CT-Aufnahmen (Schichtdicke 1,5 und 3 mm, 120 kV, mAS/Schicht 10 -15, effektive Dosis 0,5 mSv, CDTi 1,0 Gy/Patient) von 15 Patienten (8 weiblich, 7 männlich, Altersspanne 18 -50 Jahre, durchschnittliches Alter 33 J.) mit pulmonaler Manifestation bei CF wurden bzgl. des BrodyScore und seiner Subscores (Bronchiektasen, peribronchiale Zeichnungsvermehrung, Schleimverlegung, Gewebekonsolidierung, Überblähung) von 3 unabhängigen Radiologen (1 -20 Jahre Berufserfahrung) jeweils zweimal ausgewertet (Zeitintervall zwischen den Auswertungen, 1 -84 Monate). Ergebnisse: Die durchschnittliche Inter-Betrachter-Reproduzierbarkeit des Brody-Score betrug +/-7 % (2 -30 %). Die Intra-Betrachter-Reproduzierbarkeit lag bei +/-6 % (3 -12 %) (KZI, 4 %, 0 -12 %, LZI, 12 %, 1 -36 %). Für die Subscores betrug die Inter-Betrachter-Reproduzierbarkeit durchschnittlich +/-25 % (15 -41 %), die Intra-Betrachter-Reproduzierbarkeit +/-23 % (12 -46 %). Schlussfolgerung: Der Brody-Score zeigt eine hohe Inter-Betrachter-Reproduzierbarkeit bei LDCTs erwachsener CF-Patienten sowie eine gute IntraBetrachter-Reproduzierbarkeit im KZI erfolgen, welche jedoch im LZI sinkt. Im Vergleich zum Gesamtscore zeigen die Subscores durchschnittlich eine geringere Inter-und Intra-Betrachter-Reproduzierbarkeit. Abstract ! Purpose:The semi-quantitative Brody score measures the severity of cystic fibrosis (CF)-related lung disease. We investigated the short-term (28 -60 days) and long-term (2 -7 years) intraand inter-observer reproducibility of the Brody score in low-dose multidetector row computed tomography examinations performed in inspiration (LDCTs) of adult CF patients. Materials and Methods: Composite Brody scores and respective underlying bronchiectasis, mucus plugging, peribronchial thickening, parenchymal opacity, and hyperinflation subscores were evaluated twice (time interval, 1 -84 months) by each of 3 independent radiologists (1 -20 years of professional diagnostic radiology experience) in LDCTs (4 -64 rows, 120 KVp, 10 -15 mAs/slice, CTDIw approx. 1.0 mGy, effective dose approx. 0.5 mSv) of 15 adult patients with CF-related lung disease (8 female, 7 male, age, 18 -50 years, mean, 33 years). Results: The average reproducibility of the Brody score was within +/-7 % (range, 2 -30 %) between radiologists, and +/-6 % (3 -12 %) within radiologists (short-term, 28 -60 days, 4 %, 0 -12 %, longterm, 2 -7 years, 12 %, 1 -36 %). For the different subscores, the reproducibility was within +/-25 % (15 -41 %) between radiologists an...

Previous studies showed similar spatial orientation ability (SO) between real world (RW) and virtual reality (VR). As the SO deteriorates with age, it is crucial to investigate whether the degradation is similar in VR, as it may affect the use of VR tools for older people, such as in physical therapy. Therefore, we extended our previous study, in which similar SO between RW and VR was measured for younger participants (18–35 years) with a higher age group (> 55 years) to examine the VR's influence on their SO. Two main tests were conducted. In the first test, the participants were blindfolded, asked to rotate (0°, 45°, 180°, 225°) on a fixed starting position, and walk straight to different objects they had memorized before. This test was conducted twice. An ANOVA only revealed a significant interaction between the factors Age (young/old) and Condition (VR/RW) for the 45°-rotation in the second run. Here, both age groups performed similarly in RW, while in VR, greater deviations in the older participants appeared. Nevertheless, the overall Age*Condition-interaction in the first test was not significant. In the second test, subjects were required to walk blindfolded to two objects starting from different positions. The starting position and objects changed three times in each condition but were equal between RW and VR. No interactions between the factors Age and Condition were found (p > 0.05). Both tests showed a similar influence of VR on the SO of both age groups, supporting the usage of VR, regardless of age.

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