This paper reviews the international and national literature on financialization and analyzes the relevance of the debate to the field of urban planning, prioritizing Brazilian issues. We recognize that the literature on financialization has made progress, up to the point that some authors argue that the concept has been hollowed out. However, we believe that there is substantial potential for exploring -conceptually, methodologically and empirically -on-going financialization processes in Brazil, as well as their political limits. We discuss the mechanisms of urban financialization in Brazil, which unfolds in the interconnec tion of large projec t s, in state-driven credit mechanisms, and in the transformation of the state and planning. We conclude with suggestions for a research agenda on financialization with relevance to the field of Brazilian urban planning.
O recente debate sobre um possível retorno do “Desenvolvimentismo” ao Brasil traz à tona diversas questões que têm sido acompanhadas de polêmicos debates, sobretudo no campo da macroeconomia e das políticas sociais. Acreditamos tratar-se de excelente oportunidade para se (re)pensar as bases espaciais do desenvolvimentismo, pois estas fornecerão subsídios fundamentais para entender as opções e estratégias em tela. O presente artigo visa apontar algumas lacunas na construção do imaginário espacial desenvolvimentista e sugerir elementos metodológicos e conceituais para a compreensão dos processos espaciais na vigência de um “novo” desenvolvimentismo. Neste sentido, defendemos uma preocupação com o reescalonamento espacial do Estado e propomos a articulação da Abordagem da Regulação com uma interpretação de inspiração neo-gramsciana. Para ilustrar este argumento, aplicamos estes conceitos numa releitura da “questão regional” no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Estado; desenvolvimentismo; nacionalismo metodológico; reescalonamento; abordagem da regulação; hegemonia. Abstract: The recent debate about a possible return to “Developmentalism” in Brazil brings out several issues that have been accompanied by polemical debates, especially in the fields of macroeconomics and social policies. We believe this is also an excellent opportunity to revisit the spatial bases of “developmentalism”, as they provide subsidies to understand the current options and strategies at stake. This article aims to highlight some shortcomings in the construction of the developmental spatial imaginary and to suggest some methodological and conceptual elements to understand the spatial processes under a “new developmentalism”. Therefore, we stress the changing state territoriality and state rescaling and propose an articulation of the Regulation Approach and a neo-Gramscian analysis. In order to illustrate this argument, we apply these concepts in a study of the “regional problem” in Brazil. Keywords: State; developmentalism; methodological nationalism; rescaling; regulation approach; hegemony.
RESUMENEste trabajo tiene por objetivo discutir las interpretaciones que analizan y comparan los diferentes enfoques del sistema capitalista en el siglo XXI haciendo énfasis en el caso específico del capitalismo periférico. Se defiende la existencia de un potente patrimonio académico histórico estructuralista latinoamericano que debe ser rescatado y reactualizado en el contexto de las oleadas contemporáneas del neoliberalismo económico sucedidas durante el siglo XXI. Finalmente, se discuten las principales particularidades de las economías subdesarrolladas y dependientes en la periferia del sistema, destacando el abigarrado capitalismo de Brasil en el periodo reciente. PALABRAS CLAVECapitalismo; periferia; teorías del desarrollo; subdesarrollo; América Latina; Brasil. CLASIFICACIÓN JELO10, O20, O54 CONTENIDO Introducción; 1. Analizando y comparando los diversos capitalismos en el siglo XXI; 2. El patrimonio académico histórico-estructuralista latinoamericano y las oleadas de neoliberalización en el siglo XXI; 3. Particularidades del capitalismo periférico de Brasil en el periodo reciente: reflexiones inspiradas en el pensamiento crítico latinoamericano; 4. El proceso de neoliberalización y su carácter cíclico: pensando su singularidad en el Brasil contemporáneo; 5. Conclusiones; Bibliografía. * Este artículo es producto de reflexiones de los autores inspiradas por sus líneas de investigación convergentes en los temas de la economía regional y urbana y geografía económica en el ámbito de la Red del Desarrollo Socio-Económico-Espacial Latinoamericano (Redseela.com). ABSTRACTThis work aims at discussing the interpretations that analyze and compare the different approaches of the capitalist system in the 21st century by emphasizing the specific case of peripheral capitalism. We defend the existence of a robust Latin American historical-structuralist academic heritage that must be rescued and reupdated in the context of contemporary waves of economic neoliberalism that occurred during the 21st century. Finally, the main particularities of underdeveloped and dependent economies on the periphery of the system are discussed, highlighting Brazil's mixed capitalism in the recent period. KEYWORDS Capitalism; periphery; development theories; underdevelopment; Latin America; Brazil. JEL CLASSIFICATION O10, O20, O54 CONTENT Introduction; 1. Analyzing and comparing the various capitalisms in the 21st century; 2. Latin American historical-structuralist academic heritage and waves of neoliberalization in the 21st century; 3. Particularities of Brazil's peripheral capitalism in the recent period: reflections inspired by Latin American critical thinking; 4. The process of neoliberalization and its cyclical character: thinking of its uniqueness in contemporary Brazil; 5. Conclusions; Bibliography. RESUMO Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir as interpretações que analisam e comparam as diferentes abordagens do sistema capitalista no século XXI com ênfase no caso específico do capitalismo periférico. Defende-se a existência de um ...
La hipótesis de la transferencia de capital, elaborada por David Harvey, es una contribución influyente en los estudios urbanos, aunque su validez empírica no ha sido examinada en el contexto brasileño. Para una discusión de sus efectos se realiza un análisis de la relación entre el boom inmobiliario (2007-2013) y la crisis económica (2015) que enfrenta el país. Después de una revisión de la literatura se analiza la especificidad brasileña con respecto a la posibilidad de transferencia geográfica y sectorial de capital, utilizando datos de inversión extranjera directa e inversión en maquinaria y equipo y en la construcción de edificios. Se argumenta que las posibilidades de transferencia de capital para el ambiente construido en una economía subdesarrollada dependen de la forma específica de actuación del Estado (directa e indirectamente), de las instituciones mediadoras y de la complementariedad entre inversión pública y privada.
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