The prevalence of cholesteatoma in patients with chronic otitis media was 24.5% and it was more common in adults than in children. Posterior mesotympanic cholesteatoma was more frequent, with no difference in mean air-bone gap between the different routes of formation. In patients undergoing surgery, open tympanomastoidectomy was the procedure most frequently chosen.

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Objectives: (1) Compare the air-bone gap between patients with posterior epitympanic (attic) and posterior mesotympanic (tensa) cholesteatomas. (2) Correlate the air-bone gap and intraoperative ossicular chain findings. Methods: Cross-sectional study. In total, 262 patients with attic and tensa cholesteatomas treated at a tertiary hospital were included. Audiometry was performed, and the pure tone average air-bone gap (PTA-ABG) was compared between the 2 groups. In addition, ossicles were classified as normal, eroded, or absent based on intraoperative evaluation. Data were compared using the Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: Attic cholesteatoma was diagnosed in 51.1% of patients and tensa cholesteatoma in 48.9%. The mean patient age was 33 ± 18.7 years, and 52.3% were male patients. The PTA-ABG was higher in tensa cholesteatoma cases than in attic cholesteatoma (30.25 ± 12.82 dB and 26.73 ± 13.08 dB, respectively, P = .031). There were no differences in the malleus erosion or absence prevalence and the stapes suprastructure prevalence ( P = .09 and P = .17, respectively). The incus was normal in 17.6% of the attic and 6.3% of tensa cholesteatoma cases; eroded in 79.4% of tensa and 48.6% of attic cases; and absent in 33.8% of attic and 14.3% of tensa cholesteatoma cases ( P < .01). Conclusions: The PTA-ABG was higher in tensa cholesteatoma cases and correlated with a lower normal incus prevalence and a higher eroded incus prevalence compared to attic cholesteatoma cases.