This paper is focused on the cost of raising capital in Germany. A cross-sectional analysis of flotation cost data for 117 IPOs over the years 1993-1998 is presented. We find average flotation costs to be 7.77 percent of gross proceeds, while underwriting fees average 5.01 percent. Our results extend the literature in two important directions. First, contrary to the conventional economies of scale view we find marginal spreads to be rather constant in gross proceeds and to be higher for more risky and more complex offerings. Fixed costs amount to 5 to 9 percent of underwriting fees. Second, by applying a principal component analysis we find issue size, an issuer risk factor, and an offering method complexity factor to have an economicaly meaningful impact on underwriting fees. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002.

A known model for describing tunnel fires is extended to the case of tunnel networks. Physically motivated coupling conditions are formulated. A numerical realisation of these conditions and of the full network problem is presented. Finally, numerical simulation of realistic tunnel fires in networks are performed.

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A one dimensional model to describe the dynamics of tunnelfires is used to model tunnel network structures. The corresponding conditions at the nodes are formulated. A numerical methods is presented.