The aim of study was to evaluate the relation between selected nutrients in the breast and thigh muscles after the application of different phytogenic additives in the diet of broiler chickens and between same indicators of meat disregarding additive and parts of carcass, from which muscles originate. We realized an in vivo experiment on the Zámostie Company poultry test station with deep litter breeding system. The experiment included 100 pcs of one-day-old hybrid chickens Cobb 500 divided into 2 groups (n = 50): the 1st experimental group with an application of feed additive from chestnut tree and lemon fruit extracts and the 2nd experimental group with an application of feed additive from citrus fruits extract. We used a cereal and soybean basal diet and we divided the fattening period into four phases: starter (1 - 10 days), grower I (11 - 20 days), grower II (21 - 28 days) and finisher (29 - 42 days). We applied a powder form feed mixtures. Nutritive value of feed mixtures was the same in each experimental group during the whole experiment and in accordance with the physiological needs of broiler chickens. We fed the 1st experimental group with a basal diet enriched by feed additive from chestnut tree and lemon fruit extracts (50 g/100 kg). As for the 2nd experimental group, we applied feed additive from citrus fruits extracts through the drinking water (100 mL/100 L). In the 2nd part of our experiment, we compared results obtained from two experimental groups with other four groups of diet. We applied other phytogenic additives to these four groups and we did not take into account the origin of the meat sample. We measured indicators of the chemical composition of protein, fat, water and cholesterol on a sample (50 g) of breast and thigh muscle without skin by the method of FT IR by use of the apparatus Nicolet 6700. Detected relations between nutrients of breast and thigh muscles were defined by correlation coefficient of -0.6 ≤ r ≥ +0.6. When additive with chestnut tree and lemon fruit extracts was used, we detected a negative correlation (p ≤0.01) between protein and cholesterol of breast muscle. In thigh muscle, the negative correlation was observed between protein and energy (p ≤0.05), protein and fat (p ≤0.01) as well as fat and water. The only positive correlation was detected between protein and cholesterol of breast muscle (p ≤0.01), with additive citrus fruits extract. When nutrition and parts of carcass, from which muscles originate, were disregarded, protein of meat increased, energy and fat decreased (p ≤0.001). When fat of meat increased, energy increased (p >0.05) as well, but water decreased (p ≤0.05; p ≤0.001).

The study deals with the use of energy crops for the production of thermal energy in the form of briquettes and devising appropriate parameters for their production. Briquettes were produced from seven kinds of energy crops, Salix viminalis, Miscanthus sinensis, Rosa multiflora, Polygonum sachalinensis, Helianthus tuberosus, Sida hermaphrodita and Spartina pectinata, specifically. In the production of briquettes, moisture is the most important properties of material to be pressed, which ranges from 8 to 15 % as it was observed. At a higher humidity it has not been possible to produce briquettes farther in the study conditions. Another important condition for the successful production of briquettes was the particle size of chopped mass. The optimum particle size range from 8 to 20 %. The briquettes were pressed at a pressure of 21 MPa and with diameter of 50 %. Subsequently, physical and mechanical properties (density, moisture, mechanical resistance) and chemical properties (chlorine, iron, nitrogen, calcium, ash, lignin content) were measured. The briquettes density reached from 800 to 900 kg.m−3 with calorific value from 14 to 19 MJ.kg−1 which refers to fact that energy crops are competitive to fossil fuels by their calorific value.

The aim of this paper was a monitoring of harvest process of wood material. Measurement of energy potential during burning process was realized with wood chips. Wood chips contained 20% of moisture. During this experiment we detected an influence of wood chips moisture content on CO, CO 2 , NO production and NO 2 emission gases production. All measured emissions values were within the normative range defined by Decree 356/2010 Coll of the Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic.

Characteristics of stored cereals significantly affect the technical solution of individual storage facilities, as well as the technical appliances used to provide storage Technologies, i.e. storing aeration and off-loading. The objective of the work was to monitor the influence of atmospheric temperature and extraneous moisture on the course of temperature and moisture of maize grain during the storage. Monitoring of parameters was initiated in October, after the maize was stored to steel silo chambers and to the floored warehouse until the off-loading in August of the following year.

The purpose this study was to investigate quality of the table eggs, their damage and soiling in various age of the laying hens (47-62 weeks) during the second phase of the laying cycle. The object of the research was table eggs, egg white, egg shell, damage and soiling of the egg shell. The eggs were of the final laying hybrid ISA Brown reared in the non-cage system with deep litter and free range at small-scale breeding. In the breeding system with free range at small-scale conditions were secured requirements for laying hens in accordance with welfare principles. The eggs were collected each day at 4:00 pm. Weights of egg and egg shell samples of were measured on scales type KERN 440-35N. A white weight was calculated. Damage and soiling of eggs were investigated under the desk lamp lighting up to 100 W bulb. Statistical evaluation of the results was carried out in the program system SAS. From the existing conclusions of the various scientific and professional published works, it is known that both quality and safety are interrelated. In many works are the risk factors referred together as the quality standards. We found an important fact in assessing the trend of values of the egg shell weight, depending on the age of laying hens. Based on this fact, it can be assumed that the values of egg shell weight were not directly related to egg weight and egg white weight. It follows that the egg shell weight must be assessed comprehensively, and account must be taken of other factors. For the characteristics of the deformed egg shape has been one pc, representing 3.33% of the samples taken for analysis of eggs at 53 weeks of age of the total sampled eggs. In the following 56 weeks of age hens laying eggs there was not a deformed shape. The next subsequent sampling 59 weeks of age laying hens were recorded two pcs of eggs with deformed shape, i.e. 6.67%. At the last sampling of eggs at age 62 weeks, the number of eggs with deformed shape increased to three pcs, representing 10.0% of the sampled eggs for analysis. The sediments on the shell eggs were observed as variable ridge shapes of the shell matter. At the first sampling of eggs at age 47 weeks were found 2 pcs of this defect, representing 6.67% of the sampled eggs. The ridges on the egg shell belong to deviations of the natural shell associated with its texture. These defects of egg shell frequently occur depending on the age of laying hens but can also be caused by other factors. In our experiment was studied mainly the age factor of laying hens. It was interested from aspect of clarifying the relation between ridges on the egg shell and weight of the egg, white, egg, respectively. The results of investigated ridges on the egg shell showed that there occurred in every age of laying hens. Their highest number was recorded at age 59 and 62 weeks (5 pcs, i.e. 16.67% of the 30 egg samples). After 59 weeks of age was found also reduce the weight of the white and shell and at age 62 weeks of age was reduced egg shell weight. Egg production with calcareous sediments on the shell is probably hereditary. Currently, the consumer prefers the consumption of eggs with brown shell. Egg shell color is determined primarily by genetics of laying hens. The results of our experiments have shown that the occurrence of the dots on egg shell had a shade darker brown colour or bright dots, especially on the ends of the egg. The occurrence of dotted eggs was recorded in each assessed age of laying hens (5 - 7 pcs, i.e. 16.67 to 23.33%), while in the last, evaluated 62 weeks of age even up to 9 pcs. These dots and their occurrence are related to the intensity of pigment deposition in the shell cuticle. The process of distribution of pigment in egg shell is the same as is formed by packing egg shell and therefore the cuticle. With the increasing age of laying hens reduces the intensity of pigment deposition in the egg shell and increases of egg surface area, of the egg shell area, to which the pigment is stored. This fact is confirmed by our results especially at week 62 of age, when occurrence of pigment dots was the highest on the shell and also these eggs had the highest average weight.