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IntroductionUrban green can be complemented by Living walls (LW). Knowledge of LW, including technique or their cooling effects, is well discussed, but little published data on plant diversity, design and development in LWs exists. The plants themselves determine whether LWs achieve their intended benefits. However, LW plants are exposed to extreme conditions such as temperature or drought stress.Material and methodsTherefore, we observed plant development in a textile-based LW (mat) over a three-year experiment under a temperate oceanic climate in the south west of Germany. The aim was to establish higher plant diversity for use in LWs. We chose 34 perennials (shrubs, ferns, grasses, and geophytes) that require high soil moisture. The mat was soil-free and had to be overwatered with a nutrient solution. The perennials were grouped in the plant module “cascade” (tall, hanging plants) and “ground cover” (low-spreading plants). We created four experimental walls exposed to the south, north, west, and east and adapted the plant modules to the lighting conditions of the experiment wall. The modules were pre-cultivated and attached to the experimental walls in a randomised design and repetition of four. We determined the visual attractiveness and additional parameters of individual plants.ResultsWe observed that Tellima grandiflora ‘Rubra’, Waldsteinia ternata, Pachysandra terminalis, and Heuchera Hybride ‘Purple Petticoats’ were the most attractive all year. Ajuga tenorii ‘Mauro’, Alchemilla caucasica, Hosta sieboldii ‘Harry van Trier’, Glechoma hederacea, and Geum coccineum ‘Carlskaer’ showed a nice ornamental effect and flowering during summer. The ferns and Waldsteinia ternata showed delayed growth but nice leaf texture gradually.Discussion and conclusionWe saw differences in winter survival rates depending on minimum temperature in winter. The tested plants developed a special vertical growth form and height. We observed various results at different expositions but found suitable species for each exposition. With these results, we derived a table of plants along with their suitability for LWs and determining conditions.

Living walls (LWs) are a climate change adaptation strategy for cities, as they have a cooling effect. Previous studies of the cooling effect of LWs were carried out in different climatic zones. These studies differed in their experimental design, or simulated data via models. Plants’ cooling capacity is explained by shading and transpiration, and depends on physical plant parameters, environmental factors, and system-related influences. A three-year-long trial was carried out between 2017 and 2019 at an experimental garden in Geisenheim, Germany. We chose a textile-based LW system with high water demand and plants from a wet/fresh habitat. We assumed that this would achieve high evaporative cooling. The experimental setup included four experimental walls, which were exposed to the north, south, east, and west, respectively. The plant choice was divided into three plant mix variants (Cascade, Ground cover, and Meadow) and a Control with no vegetation. We measured the temperature with sensors and a thermal imaging (IR) camera in different setups. The main results were that the measured vegetation temperature (TV) depends on air temperature (TA), measurement position, plant mix variant, and plant species. We could detect the cooling effect only at a small distance from the LW (microclimatic). Our methodological approaches should be continued in further studies.

Living walls (LWs) are a climate change adaptation strategy for cities, as they have a cooling effect. Previous studies of the cooling effect of LWs were carried out in different climatic zones. These studies differed in their experimental design, or simulated data via models. Plants’ cooling capacity is explained by shading and transpiration, and depends on physical plant parameters, environmental factors, and system-related influences. A three-year-long trial was carried out between 2017 and 2019 at an experimental garden in Geisenheim, Germany. We chose a textile-based LW system with high water demand and plants from a wet/fresh habitat. We assumed that this would achieve high evaporative cooling. The experimental setup included four experimental walls which were exposed to the north, south, east, and west, respectively. The plant choice was divided into three plant mix variants (Cascade, Ground cover, and Meadow) and a Control with no vegetation. We measured the temperature with sensors and a thermal imaging (IR) camera in different setups. The main results were that the measured vegetation temperature (TV) depends on air temperature (TA), measurement position, plant mix variant, and plant species. We could detect the cooling effect only at a small distance from the LW (microclimatic). Our methodological approaches should be continued in further studies.