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Introduction: By 2050, 1 in 6 people in the world will be aged over 65 while in 2019 seventeen countries globally reported that a fifth of their populations was geriatric. It is estimated that by 2030, Europe will be home to 24 percent of the world’s ageing population. Meantime, Japan has continued to take lead with the highest proportion of elderly persons. However, by 2050, Korea will surpass Japan. Geriatric population in developing countries is on a trajectory outpacing the developed countries. To confirm this trajectory, sub Saharan Africa is home to the youngest populations where Niger - with a median age of only 15.4 – leads among 17 countries globally. Study Objectives: This study aims to analyse Kenya’s population ageing with a view to presenting its growth since 1999 and projecting its future up to 2050. Study Data and Methods: The study uses data from the Kenya Population and Housing Censuses of 1999, 2009 and 2019. Multiple demographic analyses softwares are used, namely: US Census Bureau’s Population Analysis System (PAS); United Nations Population Division’s Software Package for Mortality Measurement (Mortpak) and Spectrum. Findings: Kenya’s population has grown by almost 20 million in the past two decades from 28.7 million in 1999 to 47.6 million in 2019. During the same period, the elderly population has grown from 3.3 percent to 3.94 percent. After stagnating between 1998 and 2008-09, Kenya’s fertility dropped rapidly from 4.6 births per woman in 2008-09 to 3.4 births per woman a decade later. The transition from youthful to aging population and therefore a shift in the population structure is expected as median age rises from 20 years in 2020 to 28 years by 2050 while total dependency ratio will drop from 75 percent to 48 percent during the same period. Rapid growth is projected in the aging population which is set to more than double from 1.87 million in 2019 to 4.77 million by 2050. Life expectancy will be higher among female geriatric population. By 2050, Kenya’s ageing population (60 and over) will be higher than that of children under five – 9.77 percent compared to 8.44 percent, respectively. Conclusion: Due to population momentum, Kenya’s population is set to grow by almost one million people annually between 2019 and 2050 while the elderly population is set to more than double during the same period. It is critical that considerations are made on expanding retirement age bands to allow the geriatric population to remain labour productive and contribute positively to economic growth. Meantime, the elderly population is important for enhancing social skills and cultural knowledge transfers at community level.

Background: Childbirth delivery today is becoming a complex process. There exist linkages between choice method of childbirth delivery, whether vaginal or caesarean section, and socioeconomic, maternal, and pregnancy-related factors. Study objectives: To compare the choice method of childbirth delivery among women of childbearing ages in Kenya and Egypt. Specifically, the study sought to (a) show patterns of caesarean section births in the two countries using women’s background characteristics, (b) estimate levels and differentials of caesarean births in the two countries and, (c) investigate the socio-economic, maternal and pregnancy-related factors that determine the choice of caesarean section deliveries in the two countries Data and methods: Data was derived from the 2014 Kenya and Egypt demographic and health surveys women-file. The data was fitted in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences in which descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Majority of Egyptian women (53.5%) gave birth by caesarean section compared to Kenyan women (7.8%). At descriptive analysis level, all the study variables were significant at ρ<0.05 and less, save for marital status. At inferential level, there were higher odds of caesarean section delivery among Egyptian women in middle and rich households (1.318 and 1.701, respectively) compared to those from poor households. Among Kenyan women, those aged 25-34 and 35-49 were 1.335 and 1.690 more likely to delivery by caesarean section compared to their colleagues in the 15-24 age group. Pertaining to the number of antenatal care visits, Egyptian women who had no antenatal care visits were 0.761 less likely, while those with 5-8 and at least 9 antenatal care visits were 1.296 and 1.783, respectively, more likely to delivery by caesarean section compared to their colleagues with 3-4 antenatal care visits. Such a trend was observed among Kenyan women for 5-8 and 9+ antenatal care visits, at the odds of 1.234 and 2.053 respectively. Childbirth deliveries in private health facilities had the odds of 2.060 and 1.438 in Egypt and Kenya, respectively, compared to delivery in public health facilities. Conclusion: The results suggest that the main contributory factors behind the choice method of childbirth delivery are household wealth (Egypt), maternal age (Kenya), number of antenatal care visits (both Kenya and Egypt), and place of delivery (both Kenya and Egypt).

Background of the Study "FGM is not only a catastrophic abuse of human rights that significantly harms the physical and mental health of millions of girls and women; it is also a drain on a country's vital economic resources," (Dr. Ian Askew, 2020), Director, WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research. "More investment is urgently needed to stop FGM and end the suffering it inflicts." (WHO, 2020) Each year, around four million girls worldwide are at risk of undergoing Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting (FGM/C), most of them before turning age 15. Globally, it is estimated that over 200 million women aged 15-49 have undergone excision (UNICEF, 2020) with USD1.4billion spent annually on FGM/C health complications. If abandoned today, 60% of health savings could be realized by 2030 (WHO, 2020). Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), also known as Female Circumcision (FC) or Female Genital Cutting (FGC) "comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons", (WHO