In recent years, we have noticed in many research areas a growing interest in the translation paradigm. In this article we discuss the theory of “cultural translation”, developed by Homi Bhabha in the context of postcolonial studies, and his concept of “Third Space” (2007). This theory aims to describe the different processes at play in the creation of identity within a space in which several cultures coexist. According to Bhabha, “the Third Space, though unrepresentable in itself, constitutes the discursive conditions of enunciation that ensure that the meaning and symbols of culture have no primordial unity or fixity; even the same signs can be appropriated, translated, rehistorised and read anew”. In this article, we aim to examine to what extent this theory can be applied to translation, especially to legal translation. The concepts of “Third Space” and hybridity developed by Bhabha undoubtedly have a certain appeal for the translator. However, from the methodological point of view other approaches seem to allow for a better understanding of the translation aspects raised by Bhabha in his theory. We therefore provide an interesting analysis of the “Third Space” based on the concept of interval by Cassin (Éloge de la traduction. Compliquer l’universel, Fayard, Paris, 2016), which is defined as a complex zone of interactions and interferences. This analysis is completed by examining the concept of frontiers by Moréteau (Revue internationale de droit comparé 4(61):695–713, 2009. DOI: 10.3406/ridc.2009.19911) which is implicitly present in the concept of interval. In order to analyse the concept of hybridity, the methodological framework of transdifference developed by Srubar (Kultur und Semantik, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden, 2009) can also be used.

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The aim of this article is to analyze in detail the concepts underlying the digital techniques of artificial intelligence currently used in various fields, including translation. Based on this analysis, the epistemological limits of these techniques are examined, especially those resulting from the difficulty of modeling mechanisms of human rationality such as abduction or selection.In addition, the article explores the risks induced by the mass use of these techniques in translation, including their nature, extent and effects, and illustrates them with practical examples.

Zarys treści: Metodologicznym punktem rozważań w pracy jest pojęcie "ekwiwalencji" i krytyczne spojrzenie na nie w teorii przekładu. Różnorodność opinii na ten temat skutkuje nieprzydatnością tego określenia w teorii przekładu. Autorka proponuje spojrzeć na problem z punktu widzenia pojęcia "odpowiedniość" i jej typologii przedstawionej przez Alfreda Schütza. To zagadnienie bowiem wywołuje dyskusje na temat związku między odpowiedniością i orientacją. W końcowej części pracy poruszono sprawę mechanizmu działania odpowiedniości w tłumaczeniu prawniczym. Problem ukazano na przykładach z praktyki tłumaczeniowej w parach języków: niemiecki-francuski i francuski-niemiecki.

This article deals with the notion of jurisdictional discourse, which, as a specific type of complex discourse, always poses a real challenge to translators. The authors present a contrastive analysis of the texts of legal decisions in French, German and Polish in order to demonstrate the difficulties in translation and the consequences which they entail, and to suggest a strategy for overcoming them. Firstly, the authors briefly compare the texts of judicial decisions indicating their characteristics both in terms of the macrostructure of the text and in terms of syntactic and lexical units. Secondly, they explain the origin of the difficulties in translation resulting from the qualitative differences of the legal systems. Thirdly, the different types of difficulties are described and illustrated by practical examples, in order to make experienced translators and apprentice translators sensitive to them. The corpus used for the analysis consists of the integral and documented texts of the French, German and Polish judgments rendered in matters of civil law [37]. It should also be noted that the analyzed texts are comparable texts, which are a valuable tool for translators and allow them to acquire means of expression that are as natural as possible [40]. Regarding the methodology, the authors adopt for the analysis the contrastive method, borrowed from the theory of cultural transfer [15].