BackgroundPain is common in people with dementia, yet identification is challenging. A number of pain assessment tools exist, utilizing observation of pain-related behaviours, vocalizations and facial expressions. Whilst they have been developed robustly, these often lack sufficient evidence of psychometric properties, like reliability, face and construct validity, responsiveness and usability, and are not internationally implemented. The EU-COST initiative “Pain in impaired cognition, especially dementia” aims to combine the expertise of clinicians and researchers to address this important issue by building on previous research in the area, identifying existing pain assessment tools for dementia, and developing consensus for items for a new universal meta-tool for use in research and clinical settings. This paper reports on the initial phase of this collaboration task.MethodsAll existing observational pain behaviour tools were identified and elements categorised using a three-step reduction process. Selection and refinement of items for the draft Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC) meta-tool was achieved through scrutiny of the evidence, consensus of expert opinion, frequency of use and alignment with the American Geriatric Society guidelines. The main aim of this process was to identify key items with potential empirical, rather than theoretical value to take forward for testing.Results12 eligible assessment tools were identified, and pain items categorised according to behaviour, facial expression and vocalisation according to the AGS guidelines (Domains 1 – 3). This has been refined to create the PAIC meta-tool for validation and further refinement. A decision was made to create a supporting comprehensive toolkit to support the core assessment tool to provide additional resources for the assessment of overlapping symptoms in dementia, including AGS domains four to six, identification of specific types of pain and assessment of duration and location of pain.ConclusionsThis multidisciplinary, cross-cultural initiative has created a draft meta-tool for capturing pain behaviour to be used across languages and culture, based on the most promising items used in existing tools. The draft PAIC meta-tool will now be taken forward for evaluation according to COSMIN guidelines and the EU-COST protocol in order to exclude invalid items, refine included items and optimise the meta-tool.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-014-0229-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Background: Collaborative stepped care (CSC) may be an appropriate model to provide evidence-based treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care. Methods: In acluster randomised controlled trial, the effectiveness of CSC compared to care as usual (CAU) for adults with panic disorder (PD) or generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) in primary care was evaluated. Thirty-one psychiatric nurses who provided their services to 43 primary care practices in the Netherlands were randomised to deliver CSC (16 psychiatric nurses, 23 practices) or CAU (15 psychiatric nurses, 20 practices). CSC was provided by the psychiatric nurses (care managers) in collaboration with the general practitioner and a consultant psychiatrist. The intervention consisted of 3 steps, namely guided self-help, cognitive behavioural therapy and antidepressants. Anxiety symptoms were measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) at baseline and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Results: We recruited 180 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PD or GAD, of whom 114 received CSC and 66 received usual primary care. On the BAI, CSC wassuperior to CAU [difference in gain scores from baseline to 3 months: -5.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) -8.28 to -1.94; 6 months: -4.65, 95% CI -7.93 to -1.38; 9 months: -5.67, 95% CI -8.97 to -2.36; 12 months: -6.84, 95% CI -10.13 to -3.55]. Conclusions: CSC, with guided self-help as a first step, was more effective than CAU for primary care patients with PD or GAD.
BackgroundGeneral practice based registration networks (GPRNs) provide information on population health derived from electronic health records (EHR). Morbidity estimates from different GPRNs reveal considerable, unexplained differences. Previous research showed that population characteristics could not explain this variation. In this study we investigate the influence of practice characteristics on the variation in incidence and prevalence figures between general practices and between GPRNs.MethodsWe analyzed the influence of eight practice characteristics, such as type of practice, percentage female general practitioners, and employment of a practice nurse, on the variation in morbidity estimates of twelve diseases between six Dutch GPRNs. We used multilevel logistic regression analysis and expressed the variation between practices and GPRNs in median odds ratios (MOR). Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of type of EHR software package and province within one large national GPRN.ResultsHardly any practice characteristic showed an effect on morbidity estimates. Adjusting for the practice characteristics did also not alter the variation between practices or between GPRNs, as MORs remained stable. The EHR software package ‘Medicom’ and the province ‘Groningen’ showed significant effects on the prevalence figures of several diseases, but this hardly diminished the variation between practices.ConclusionPractice characteristics do not explain the differences in morbidity estimates between GPRNs.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12875-014-0176-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords angst Á beschouwing Á depressie Á klachten De kern 1. Ee´n op de zes patie¨nten die bij de huisarts komt, heeft chronische onverklaarde lichamelijke klachten met aanzienlijke functionele beperkingen (somatoforme stoornis). 2. De overlap met angst en depressie is groot en de aanwezigheid van meerdere stoornissen leidt tot een hogere ziektelast. 3. Het natuurlijk beloop van somatoforme stoornissen is ongunstig, bijna driekwart heeft na zes maanden nog veel klachten. 4. Een cognitief-gedragsmatige behandeling door de huisarts is niet effectiever dan gebruikelijke zorg. 5. Mogelijk sluit een stapsgewijs behandelmodel beter aan op de situatie in de huisartsenpraktijk. InleidingLichamelijke klachten zonder een duidelijke somatische verklaring zijn een belangrijke reden voor patie¨nten om hun arts te bezoeken. [2][3][4] Meestal gaan deze klachten vanzelf over en leiden ze niet tot beperkingen in het dagelijkse leven. Toch houdt een aanzienlijke groep patie¨nten ernstige klachten of bezoekt frequent de huisarts of een specialist voor een somatische oplossing. De meeste artsen hebben deze patie¨nten weinig te bieden omdat een somatische diagnose ontbreekt. 5,6 Hierdoor leiden deze klachten regelmatig tot wederzijdse frustraties van arts en patie¨nt.In de DSM-IV spreekt men van somatoforme stoornissen wanneer de patie¨nt lichamelijke klachten heeft die doen denken aan een somatische aandoening ('somatoform') maar die niet of slechts gedeeltelijk toe te schrijven zijn aan een somatische aandoening.7 De klachten veroorzaken belangrijk klinisch lijden of beperkingen in het sociaal en beroepsmatig functioneren. Deze beschrijvende definitie is niet identiek aan de meer algemene term 'somatisatie' waarvan geen nauwkeurige definitie mogelijk is. Naast stoornissen zoals hypochondrie of conversie kunnen ook syndromen van onverklaarde lichamelijke klachten, zoals het chronische vermoeidheidssyndroom en chronische lagerugpijn, geclassificeerd worden als somatoforme stoornis. De DSM-IVclassificatie heeft overigens geen etiologische pretenties: het is beschrijvend. Dat wil zeggen dat de etiologie niet noodzakelijkerwijs van psychische aard is.Hoewel de aandacht van artsen en onderzoekers zich bij niet-somatische klachten vooral richt op angst en depressie, blijkt uit de literatuur dat onverklaarde lichamelijke klachten meer voorkomen. Patie¨nten met somatoforme stoornissen hebben vaak een aanzienlijke ziektelast en de comorbiditeit met angst-en depressieve stoornissen is hoog. 8,9 Daarnaast maken onverklaarde lichamelijke klachten 30 tot 60% uit van nieuwe verwijzingen naar diverse specialistische poliklinieken. 10,11 Sinds ongeveer tien jaar is een nieuw perspectief op behandeling ontstaan, meerdere reviews rapporteerden dat cognitieve gedragstherapie effectief is in de behandeling van somatoforme stoornissen. [12][13][14] Dit onderzoek brengt het vo´o´rkomen en de klinische relevantie van somatoforme stoornissen in de huisartsenpraktijk in kaart en evalueert behandelmogelijkheden in de eerste lijn. De belangrijkste doel...
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