Operating speed is most frequently represented by the 85th percentile speed (V 85 ) of vehicles passing at a given road location, in a nonplatoon condition, and it is usually determined by spot speed measurements. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000 recommends that the number of observations for V 85 calculation be equal to or greater than 100 (3). Therefore, one critical issue for studies of operating speeds is to define when a platoon condition is present. Another relevant question is related to the identification of the road volume for which the number of vehicles in a nonconstrained operation is enough for V 85 estimation.In most studies on the development of operating speed prediction models, a nonplatoon condition is usually defined by means of minimum headway between successive vehicles in a traffic stream. However, these studies do not describe the procedure adopted to establish the reference value taken. Also, this traffic measure is affected by the type of the two successive vehicles considered. Equipment available for automatic speed data collection is, in some cases, able to collect headway and gap values simultaneously. The gap between two successive vehicles, being the interval between the rear bumper of the first vehicle and the front bumper of the second as the vehicles pass a point on the roadway, is not affected by the vehicles' type. Therefore, the definition of platoon condition based on gap values can be useful for general applications.In this context, this paper aims to present and test a procedure to define a gap value between two successive vehicles from which the vehicles can be considered as traveling in a nonplatoon condition. This reference value is referred to as "free gap." In addition, the procedure allows for the identification of the traffic volume suitable for ensuring the sample size required for V 85 measurements. Therefore, the procedure is proposed as the initial activity to be performed for V 85 data collection for operating speed evaluation and modeling. This paper is organized into five sections. After this introductory section, a brief literature review is presented on headway reference values considered for platoon definition in different operating speed studies. The third and fourth sections describe, respectively, the procedure proposed and its application to Portuguese conditions. This application is the initial step for a broad operating speed data collection activity planned to be performed at Portuguese roads for the development of a respective operating speed prediction model. The last section presents this study's main conclusions. Platoon Definition for oPerating SPeeD MeaSureMentSAlthough there is not one definition for platoon, this term is commonly applied to a group of vehicles traveling together in which the vehicles behind the leading vehicle are usually not at their desired Free-Gap Evaluation for Two-Lane Rural HighwaysAntónio Lobo, Maria Alice Prudêncio Jacques, Carlos Manuel Rodrigues, and António Couto Studies related to operating speed predicting...
INTRODUÇÃOOs empreendimentos classificados como polos geradores de viagens (PGVs), embora de diferentes naturezas, têm em comum o potencial de atrair e produzir um número de viagens que impactam os sistemas viários e de transportes da região onde se localizam. Dependendo das condições desses sistemas e do nú-mero de viagens geradas, a implantação desses empreendimentos pode trazer consequências bastante negativas para a qualidade de vida da população. Entretanto, os polos gerados de viagens também têm o potencial de gerar benefícios econômicos para a mesma região, sobretudo em termos da oferta de novos postos de trabalho, da geração de impostos e da prestação de serviços desejados pela comunidade, dentre outros aspectos.Esta condição impõe a necessidade de que a implantação dos PGVs, independentemente de sua natureza, seja precedida de estudos específicos voltados à avaliação dos impactos que produzem. Somente a partir desta avaliação é que o gestor municipal poderá deci- dir pela implantação ou não do empreendimento no local pretendido e, no caso dessa implantação ser autorizada, quais as medidas que o empreendedor deve tomar no sentido de reduzir ao máximo possível os impactos negativos dela decorrentes. A realização de estudos de impactos de PGVs é, via de regra, uma exigência legal.Em linhas gerais, o processo de análise dos PGVs é comum aos diferentes tipos, e tem uma estrutura já bastante difundida na literatura técnica especializada brasileira e de outros países. Um dos elementos mais importantes desses estudos é a estimativa do número de viagens produzidas e atraídas pelos empreendimentos: as viagens geradas. Para esta estimativa, estão disponíveis na literatura diferentes modelos, que refletem as condições específicas dos empreendimentos integrantes da amostra considerada no estudo. Estes modelos referem-se à estimativa total das novas viagens geradas pelo PGV, levando em conta o modo de transporte utilizado.As instituições de ensino (IE), nos seus diferentes níveis, são PGVs com algumas características especí-ficas que requerem cuidados especiais na análise do impacto que produzem sobre a circulação do tráfego nas vias próximas ao empreendimento. Os picos de geração de viagens desses polos são, em geral, coincidentes com os picos de tráfego no sistema viário. Outro aspecto relevante é que as viagens geradas pelas instituições de ensino, similarmente ao que ocorre com as viagens realizadas com o propósito de trabalho, ocorrem de modo regular e previamente programado, especialmente nos dias úteis. Dependendo do Resumo: A previsão do número de viagens geradas pelos polos geradores de viagens (PGVs) é indispensável para estudos de avaliação do impacto da implantação destes empreendimentos. No caso das instituições de ensino (IE), as características especiais das viagens e de atendimento dos alunos dos diferentes níveis, recomendam a realização dos estudos de avaliação de impacto que possam reconhecer o efeito da adoção de políticas de transporte sustentáveis. Com base na revisão de estudos de geração de v...
The fuzzy sets adopted for the development of fuzzy signal controllers, and their respective membership functions, are recognised as important aspects related to controller operations. However, the impact of their definitions on traffic signal performance has not been sufficiently explored in the literature. This study aims to contribute to overcoming this problem. It presents an analysis of the implications of small modifications to some fuzzy sets' parameters for fuzzy signal controllers. This analysis focuses upon three aspects. The first looks at modifications to fuzzy signal control tables, generated through MATLAB software and due to variations in the input variables' fuzzy sets. The second is the impact of the use of these different control tables on some controller operation output characteristics, as is the green time provided for each controlled intersection approach and cycle length. The last aspect is related to differences observed in traffic performance measures caused by the modifications to the controller's operation characteristics. In order to carry out the analysis of the last two aspects, a simulation study was conducted through HUTSIM simulation software, developed at the Helsinki University of Technology. The study's results show that, in many of the aspects considered, the impact of small modifications to the fuzzy sets' parameters is statistically significant at the risk level of 5%.
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