Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) is a dominant plant of the Asteraceae family, which suggests it produces allelochemicals that interfere with the development of surrounding plants. The study described herein was conducted to identify the compounds that have phytotoxic activity in T. diversifolia extracts. Ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves, stems, and roots showed significant inhibition of wheat coleoptile growth, and the leaf extract had similar inhibitory effects to a commercial herbicide. Fourteen compounds, 12 of which were sesquiterpene lactones, have been isolated. Two sesquiterpene lactones are reported for the first time and were isolated as an inseparable mixture of 8β-O-(2-methylbutyroyl)tirotundin (4) and 8β-O-(isovaleroyl)tirotundin (5). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, including NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. The sesquiterpene lactones 1β-methoxydiversifolin (6), tagitinin A (7), and tagitinin C (8) were the major products identified. These compounds were active on etiolated wheat coleoptiles, seed germination, and the growth of STS and weeds. The phytotoxic activity shown by these sesquiterpene lactones indicates that they are the compounds responsible for the activity exhibited by the initial extracts.
Research on allelopathic interactions can be useful in the search for phytotoxins produced by plants that may be employed as natural herbicides. The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxic action of aqueous leaf extract of Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia splendens and Myrcia tomentosa on the germination and development of three weeds. The working hypothesis was that leaf extracts of Myrtaceae may negatively influence the development of weed species. Aqueous leaf extracts at 5 and 10% (g mL -1 ) were tested on the germination and growth of Euphorbia heterophylla, Echinochloa crus-galli and Ipomoea grandifolia and compared with the herbicide oxyfluorfen and distilled water (control). The most extracts caused pronounced delays in seed germination and inhibited the growth of seedlings of E. heterophylla; I. grandifolia and E. crus-galli, with the last target species had no growth shoot inhibited by the extracts. In this study, the potential and efficiency of the tested aqueous leaf extracts were evident because they were more phytotoxic to the weeds than the herbicide. Thus, the aqueous extracts of leaves from Myrtaceae species show potential for the isolation of active compounds that can be used for the production of natural herbicides in the future.Efeito fitotóxico de extrato foliar aquoso de quatro espécies de Myrtaceae sobre três espécies infestantes de cultura RESUMO. Estudos relacionados à interações alelopáticas podem ser úteis na busca por fitotoxinas produzidas por plantas que podem ser empregadas como herbicidas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade fitotóxica de extratos aquosos de folhas de Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia splendens e Myrcia tomentosa sobre a germinação e o desenvolvimento de três plantas infestantes de culturas agrícolas. A hipótese testada neste trabalho foi que extratos foliares de Myrtaceae podem influenciar negativamente sobre o desenvolvimento de espécies infestantes de cultura. Foram testados os extratos foliares aquosos a 5 e 10% (g mL -1 ) sobre a germinação e crescimento de três espécies infestantes de cultura e comparados com o herbicida oxyfluorfen e água destilada (controle). A maioria dos extratos promoveram atrasos acentuados na germinação de sementes e inibiram o crescimento de plântulas de E. heterophylla; I. grandifolia e E. crus-galli, apenas esta última espécie alvo não apresentou inibição no crescimento de sua parte aérea pelos extratos. O presente estudo comprovou o potencial e a eficiência dos extratos, uma vez que foram mais fitotóxicos às espécies infestantes que o herbicida. Assim, extratos foliares aquosos de espécies de Myrtaceae apresentam potencial para isolamento de compostos que poderão ser usados para produção de herbicidas naturais no futuro.Palavras-chave: alelopatia, germinação, crescimento, herbicida. 242Imatomi et al.
ABSTRACT. Allelopathic substances can be used to develop weed control alternatives based on natural products. The objective of this study was to compare the phytotoxic activity of aqueous leaf extracts of Rapanea umbellata with the toxicity of a synthetic herbicide on the germination and growth of weed species. The weeds species barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) and morning glory (Ipomoea grandifolia) were used. The effects of the aqueous leaf extract of R. umbellata at concentrations of 10% and 5% (g mL ) were compared to the control (distilled water) and to the synthetic herbicide oxyfluorfen. The average weed germination time was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in control than in extract and herbicide treatments. The herbicide had more significant effects than the extract on the initial growth of the aerial part. However, the initial growth of the root part was significantly more affected by the leaf extract than by the herbicide. The extract also caused many disorders in weed root anatomy. Therefore, the leaf aqueous extract of R. umbellata showed important results that indicate that it should be bioprospected and that its allelochemicals should be purified for the discovery of natural-origin herbicides.Keywords: allelopathy, germination, growth, initial length, oxyfluorfen.Fitotoxidade do extrato aquosos foliar de Rapanea umbellata (Mart.) Mez (Primulaceae) sobre plantas infestantes de culturas agrícolas RESUMO. Substâncias alelopáticas podem ser utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de produtos alternativos baseados em compostos naturais para o controle de espécies infestantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o efeito do extrato aquoso foliar de Rapanea umbellata com um herbicida sintético sobre a germinação e o crescimento inicial de espécies infestantes das culturas agrícolas. As espécies infestantes estudadas foram: capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli), amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla) e corda-deviola (Ipomoea grandifolia). Os efeitos do extrato foliar aquoso de R. umbellata nas concentrações 10 e 5% (g mL -1) foram comparados com controle (água destilada) e o herbicida sintético oxifluorfem. O tempo médio de germinação das espécies infestantes foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) no controle do que em extrato foliar e o herbicida. O comprimento da parte aérea foi significativamente mais afetado pelo herbicida do que pelo extrato. Porém, o comprimento da parte radicular foi mais afetado pelo extrato do que pelo herbicida. O extrato também causou vários tipos de danos na anatomia das raízes das infestantes. O extrato foliar de R. umbellata apresentou resultados promissores que indicam que deve ser bioprospectado e seus aleloquímicos purificados para a descoberta de novos herbicidas de origem natural.
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