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In this work we uncovered a well-supported pattern of the demographic change in the populations from South-Central Andes and Patagonia, obtained on the basis of different data and quantitative approaches, which suggests that the incorporation of domestic resources was paramount for the demographic expansion of these populations during the Holocene.

Objective Studies on population genetics have become highly relevant for understanding the evolutionary history of human settlement in southern South America. The eastern Pampa–Patagonia transition is an area that stands out due to its complex population dynamics, especially during the last about 1,000 years BP. The aim of this work is to characterize the maternal lineages of individuals buried in the Paso Alsina 1 archaeological site (ca. 500 years BP) through the analysis of mitochondrial genetic variability, in order to discuss the population models previously proposed for the southern cone of South America. Methods Mitochondrial HyperVariable Region I sequences were analyzed on teeth belonging to 20 adult individuals. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the interpopulation and intrapopulation molecular variability between the results obtained in this work and those previously published data from pre‐Hispanic human groups. D1 haplotype network was constructed drawing from data on ancient and extant population group samples. Results Thirteen sequences (65%) were obtained from the 20 analyzed samples. The maternal lineages or subhaplogroups identified were D1g (69.24%), C1 (15.38%), D1 (7.69%), and D1j (7.69%). There was low haplotype variability within the site; some individuals could be matrilineally related. Discussion The subhaplogroups registered in Paso Alsina 1 site are in accordance with those reported for ancient and contemporary Patagonian populations. The results suggest that an initial nucleus of individuals carrying mostly subhaplogroup D1g settled in northern Patagonia, from which local diversity of this matrilineage could have arisen. The existence of gene flow in the final late Holocene with groups from Northern Andean Patagonia, as well as from Central Argentina, is proposed. The D1j variant probably developed in the latter region.

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RESUMEN Las evidencias arqueológicas proporcionan abundantes pruebas de una activa interacción entre las poblaciones de lo que actualmente es el noroeste de Argentina, el sur de Perú, el oeste de Bolivia y el norte de Chile. Los estudios de ADN en individuos prehispánicos, a su vez, proveen información directa sobre la historia biológica y la dinámica de los grupos humanos, y aportan nuevas perspectivas a la comprensión de la dispersión y variabilidad de los amerindios. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los linajes maternos presentes en individuos del período tardío de la Puna jujeña (1000-1450 AD) mediante la comparación de su composición genética con las de otros grupos precolombinos de la región centro-sur andina descriptos por otros autores. A partir de las secuencias de HVR I del ADN mitocondrial se determinó PALABRAS CLAVE ADNmt; haplotipos; ADN antiguo; Puna jujeña la variabilidad genética inter e intramuestral, además de la distancia genética entre los diversos grupos utilizados. En las muestras analizadas el linaje más frecuente fue el A2, el cual mostró una gran variabilidad haplotípica. Esto lo diferencia de otros estudios de la región andina en los que se ha descripto el predominio de los linajes B2. A una escala local, las distancias genéticas entre la Puna jujeña y otros grupos poblacionales del actual noroeste argentino no fueron significativas, a excepción de Pampa Grande, de la que se encuentra más alejada geográfica y espacialmente. A nivel regional, las diferencias son significativas con respecto a la mayoría de las muestras antiguas de Perú, aunque no evidencian un patrón espacial o temporal determinado.ABSTRACT Archaeological records provide abundant evidence of an active interaction between the peoples of what are now northwestern Argentina, southern Peru, western Bolivia, and northern Chile. Likewise, DNA studies in prehispanic individuals provide direct information on the biological history and dynamics of human groups, offering new perspectives to the understanding of dispersion and variability of Native Americans. The aim of this paper is to analyze the maternal lineages present in individuals from the late period of the Puna region (1000-1450 AD) by comparing their genetic composition with other pre-Columbian groups from the south-central Andean region, described by other authors. From mtDNA HVR-I sequences, inter-and intra-sample ge-netic variability was determined, as well as the genetic distance between the various groups used. In the samples analyzed, A2 was found to be the most common lineage,, showing high haplotype variability, and contrasting with other studies in the Andean region, which described the prevalence of B2 lineages. At a local level, the genetic distances between the Puna population and other groups from presentday northwestern Argentina were not significant, except for Pampa Grande, which is more geographically and spatially remote. At a regional level, the differences are significant in relation to the majority of Peru ancient samples, but do not show a part...