Otorrhea was the most frequently found complication. TT placement with adenoidectomy was associated with fewer otorrhea episodes. TT extruded later in those ears that had more episodes of otorrhea. Younger age at the time of the initial tube placement is associated with higher incidence of additional tube placement. One in six patients will probably require a second set of ventilation tubes.

Artigo submetido em 12.05.03, aceito em 15.10.03. AbstractObjectives: 1) To determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in middle ear effusions of children with otitis media with effusion undergoing myringotomy; 2) to compare the results obtained by culture and PCR; and 3) to determine the susceptibility of bacterial isolates to penicillin. Methods:We analyzed 128 middle ear effusion specimens from 75 children (age = 11 months to 10 years; mean = 34.7 months). Patients with recurrent otitis media had documented middle ear effusion for > 6 weeks, and chronic otitis media with effusion for > 3 months. The patients had no signs of acute otitis media or respiratory tract infection and were not on antibiotic therapy. Aspiration was done through tympanocentesis with an Alden-Senturia trap. Bacteriological studies were initiated less than 15 minutes after specimen collection. Part of the sample was stored at -20 o C for later multiplex PCR analysis. Statistical analysis employed McNemars χ 2 test.Results: Bacteria were cultured in 32 (25.1%) out of 128 samples and the pathogens under investigation were found in 25 (19.6%). PCR was positive for bacteria in 73 (57.0%) specimens: 50 (39.1%) for H. influenzae, 16 (12.5%) for S. pneumoniae, and 13 (10.2%) for M. catarrhalis. All the culture-positive samples were PCR-positive, but 48 (65.7%) of the PCR-positive specimens were culture-negative. PCR was significantly more sensitive than culture (p < 0.01) to identify bacteria. Resistance to penicillin was as follows: M. catarrhalis = 100%; S. pneumoniae = 62.5% and H. influenzae = 23% of the isolates. Conclusions:The prevalence of bacteria in otitis media with effusion in a group of Brazilian children was similar to that reported for other countries. H. influenzae was the most frequent microorganism observed. This suggests that bacteria may play a role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. In addition, PCR was more sensitive to detect bacteria in middle ear effusion as compared to conventional culture methods. Penicillin resistance was similar to that reported for other countries for pneumococci and moraxella, but beta-lactamase production by H. influenza was lower than that reported for other countries. ResumoObjetivos: 1) Determinar a prevalência do Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae e Moraxella catarrhalis nas efusões de orelha média de crianças com otite média com efusão que foram submetidas à miringotomia; 2) comparar os resultados obtidos por cultura e PCR; e 3) determinar o perfil de resistência à penicilina dos germes isolados.Métodos: Analisaram-se 128 amostras de efusões de orelha média de 75 crianças entre 11 meses e 10 anos de idade (média = 34,7 meses). Pacientes com otite média recorrente tinham efusão documentada por > 6 semanas e aqueles com otite média com efusão crônica, por > 3 meses. Os pacientes não tinham sinais de otite média aguda ou infecção do trato respiratório e não estavam sob antibioticoterapia no momento do pro...

Objectives: 1) To determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in middle ear effusions of children with otitis media with effusion undergoing myringotomy; 2) to compare the results obtained by culture and PCR; and 3) to determine the susceptibility of bacterial isolates to penicillin. Methods:We analyzed 128 middle ear effusion specimens from 75 children (age = 11 months to 10 years; mean = 34.7 months). Patients with recurrent otitis media had documented middle ear effusion for = 6 weeks, and chronic otitis media with effusion for = 3 months. The patients had no signs of acute otitis media or respiratory tract infection and were not on antibiotic therapy. Aspiration was done through tympanocentesis with an Alden-Senturia trap. Bacteriological studies were initiated less than 15 minutes after specimen collection. Part of the sample was stored at -20 o C for later multiplex PCR analysis. Statistical analysis employed McNemar s χ 2 test.Results: Bacteria were cultured in 32 (25.1%) out of 128 samples and the pathogens under investigation were found in 25 (19.6%). PCR was positive for bacteria in 73 (57.0%) specimens: 50 (39.1%) for H. influenzae, 16 (12.5%) for S. pneumoniae, and 13 (10.2%) for M. catarrhalis. All the culture-positive samples were PCR-positive, but 48 (65.7%) of the PCR-positive specimens were culture-negative. PCR was significantly more sensitive than culture (p < 0.01) to identify bacteria. Resistance to penicillin was as follows: M. catarrhalis = 100%; S. pneumoniae = 62.5% and H. influenzae = 23% of the isolates. Conclusions:The prevalence of bacteria in otitis media with effusion in a group of Brazilian children was similar to that reported for other countries. H. influenzae was the most frequent microorganism observed. This suggests that bacteria may play a role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. In addition, PCR was more sensitive to detect bacteria in middle ear effusion as compared to conventional culture methods. Penicillin resistance was similar to that reported for other countries for pneumococci and moraxella, but beta-lactamase production by H. influenza was lower than that reported for other countries.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004;80(1):41-8: Otitis media, otitis media with effusion/microbiology, ear, middle/ microbiology, PCR, prevalence studies, child.

Objective: Otitis media is the most frequently diagnosed infection in the pediatric office. Ninety per cent of the children present at least one episode of otitis media before the fifth birthday. We reviewed the literature in order to update information regarding the current definitions of acute otitis media, recurrent otitis media and otitis media with effusion, analyzing the predisposing factors, microbiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and methods of treatment for these entities, and the relationship between otitis media and language development and learning disabilities.Data source: Bibliographic review of an eighteen-year period (1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998) using Index Medicus and Medline.Results and conclusions: More than 25 million diagnoses per year of middle ear infections are made in the United States, being responsible for rising costs of treatment. The role of many predisposing factors is presently well recognized and we should be capable of defining interventions related to some of them as is the case of early institution of day-care, short duration of breast feeding and difficulties in the identification and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Changes in the microbiology of the middle ear infections and the emergence of multiresistant bacteria leads to modifications in antibiotic therapy and the duration of its use. Antibacterial agents should be prescribed only in the presence of a well-defined diagnosis and chemoprophylaxis should be avoided. Recurrent otitis media and otitis media with effusion in infants may be associated to speech disorders and learning disabilities. The development of a conjugated vaccine against S. pneumoniae and the experiments with a vaccine against non-typeable H. influenzae represent a big step in the prevention of infections of the middle ear for the near future. J. pediatr. (Rio J.). 1998; 74 (Supl.1): S21-S30: otitis media, otitis media with effusion, otitis media suppurative, language development. ResumoObjetivo: A otite média é a infecção mais freqüentemente diagnosticada pelos pediatras. Noventa por cento das crianças têm pelo menos um episódio de otite média antes de completar cinco anos de idade. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer uma visão atualizada da patologia, definindo os conceitos de otite média aguda, recorrente e secretora, analisando os diversos fatores de risco, a microbiologia, as manifestações clínicas, os critérios para diagnóstico, as peculiaridades do tratamento e a relação entre otite média e retardo na aquisição da linguagem / distúrbio de aprendizagem.Origem dos dados: Levantamento bibliográfico no período de 1980 -1998 através do Index Medicus e Medline.Síntese dos dados e conclusões: As infecções da orelha média representam mais de 25 milhões de diagnósticos/ano nos EUA e seguem aumentando, envolvendo custos elevados no tratamento. O papel de vários fatores predisponentes está devidamente reconhecido, entre eles alguns modificáveis por nó...