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Optimisation of the parameters of a pump chamber for solid-state lasers with diode pumping by the optical boiler method V V Kiyko, V I Kislov, E N Ofitserov et al. Abstract. The result of the deteriorating condition of the environment and climate change is to increase the efficient use of fuel and energy and the rational use of energy resources. Great potential for reducing consumption of fossil fuels are stuck in heating systems ranging from generation, transmission and distribution and ending with the recipients rationalize their consumption of heat. Efficient production of heat is obtained during optimal boiler load. The boiler type WR operates with the highest efficiency of 80-85%, the rate of fuel consumption is the lowest, and the process is close to complete combustion. In such conditions to the atmosphere are emitted mainly: SO 2 , CO 2 and NO X . Pollutants such as CO, CH 4 , HF, HCl, NH 3 , etc., are the result of incomplete and imperfect combustion, that is, when the boiler is working inefficiently [1][2][3]. Measurements of pollutant concentrations were performed using an analyzer FTIR Gasmet DX4000. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is a technique of measuring that allows a very precise identification of qualitative and quantitative range of compounds, including gaseous pollutants. Device used to measure the concentrations of gaseous pollutants allow determining the amount of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen compounds, which measurement is not defined any rules, including chlorine compounds, hydrogen, methane, ammonia and volatile organic compounds. In this publication presents part of the literature the use of heat for domestic hot water production in summer and heating demand in winter. Described the characteristics of the water boilers WR type used for heating. Presents the results study of the emissions in the production of hot water for the summer and winter seasons.

Gas dedusting involves the removal of aerosol particles from them. The gas dedusting process is carried out in devices called dust collectors. The use of a specific dust removal process depends on the characteristics of the pollutant emission source and the required degree of gas dedusting. The dust removal process is a complex system of forces acting in the dust collector to remove dust particles from the gas and to deposit them on the collector surface. The centrifugal dust collectors use the mechanism of centrifugal forces by introducing an aerosol stream into rotational motion. These types of dust collectors are often used in industry due to the simple construction, the lack of moving parts, the ability to work in conditions of high temperature and high pressure, low manufacturing costs and easy operation. A cyclone with a tangential inlet is one of the types of centrifugal separators in which the gas flows tangentially to the cylindrical part, then spirals downwards where it changes direction to the opposite and leaves the cyclone with the central exhaust pipe. Cyclones are commonly used in Poland in small heating plants equipped with WR grate boilers where coal is burned. The most important factors affecting the efficiency of dust removal are the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles and their sizes. For example, a reduction in the particle size leads to a reduction in the efficiency of the forces emitting particles from the gas, and thus the efficiency of dust removal decreases. The geometric shape of the cyclone is relatively simple, but its structural dimensions have an effect on the gas movement and, as a result, the efficiency of dust removal. Increasing the efficiency of the cyclone is the subject of many studies. This publication presents information on cyclones with tangential inlet and the effect of their design parameters on the efficiency of dust removal. A total of 5 types of cyclones with tangential inlet were analyzed, including two high efficiency cyclones, two general use cyclones and one high performance cyclone. The analysis showed that the size of cyclone construction parameters affects the size of the particle’s limit diameter, the pressure drop and, as a result, the cyclone efficiency.

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The article analyzes changes in pressure in the heating network taking into account the variable daily heat consumption. The simulation assumes diversification of heat demand during the day due to significant differences in the distribution of hot water. Taking the decreases in hot water consumption by up to 70%, pressure losses were calculated on the sections of the district heating network. Changes in the flow rate are taken into account. The simulation assumed changes in water flow from 10% to 70% respectively. Completed calculations and results are presented in diagrams drawn up for different amounts of hot water consumption. They allowed determining the size of the changing pressure of the available heat network. Graphs of dependencies between changing flows and the corresponding pressure values illustrate the magnitude of these changes. In the case of central heating, the heat demand is determined in the so-called external air temperature calculation conditions. The heating plant works in accordance with an ordered diagram of heat loads. The amount of heat delivered to the recipient for central heating depends on the outside temperature. It is calculated on the basis of the heat load factor and the average heat demand of individual customers. In relation to the production of hot water, the unevenness of the hot water demand should be taken into account. This variable size, as a result of the day, is described by the hourly diversity factor. For such calculations, daily schedules of hot water consumption are developed. On their basis, the operation of the heat network was analyzed. The heating network section and the hydraulic system of the network were analyzed for existing pressure changes, which are caused by the variability of the heat demand for heating domestic hot water. The calculations and simulations carried out show that the calculated flows, and thus also the pressure losses in the considered network, are variable and depend on the distribution of hot water to consumers. These differences are significant and affect the choice of pumps, which can bring significant financial benefits throughout the year.