Microplastics are a significant environmental threat and the lack of efficient removal techniques fur- ther amplifies this crisis. Photocatalytic semiconducting nanoparticles have the potential to degrade micropollutants, among them microplastics....
Microplastics are a significant environmental threat as they are not regularly monitored or removed and the lack of efficient removal techniques further amplifies this crisis. In this direction and many other environmental remediation processes, photocatalytic micro/nanomotors hold vast potential to remove and degrade micropollutants. Unifying the different properties of a photocatalytic micromotor (self-propulsion, phoretic assembly with passive colloids and photocatalytic oxidation of contaminants), we present highly scale-able, inherently-asymmetric Pac-Man TiO2 particles that can actively collect and degrade polystyrene microplastics.
RESUMENUno de los principales desafíos en el desarrollo de un proceso de inyección continua de vapor es el control del frente de inyección. Dicho perfil es afectado principalmente por la canalización del vapor por zonas de alta permeabilidad, y el efecto gravitacional de override causado por la diferencia de densidades con los fluidos del yacimiento, los cuales impiden el contacto del vapor con volúmenes considerables de hidrocarburos disminuyendo de esta forma la eficiencia de barrido vertical. Estos fenómenos son favorecidos por algunas características de la formación como los grandes espesores y las heterogeneidades del yacimiento, y de no ser controlados y/o monitoreados correctamente, pueden afectar la viabilidad técnica y económica del proceso.Varias metodologías se han diseñado para hacer frente a esto problemas, entre ellas tenemos la inyección de surfactantes para la formación de espumas in situ, la cual busca reducir la movilidad del vapor; el uso de geles térmicos, para el taponamiento de canales de alta permeabilidad; la inyección de solventes, usado para mejorar la movilidad del aceite; y la inyección de agua alternada con vapor (WASP), para el barrido de la zona tanto superior como inferior de la formación. Este artículo recopila aspectos relevantes de cada una de las técnicas mencionadas, a partir de los cuales es presentada una comparación tomando como criterios la cantidad de aplicaciones, producción incremental y costo de implementación. TECHNIQUES FOR STEAMFLOODING IMPROVEMENT ABSTRACTOne of the main challenges in developing a process of continuous steam injection is to control the injection profile. Said profile is strongly affected by steam channeling to "thief zones" and the gravitational effect of override, both are characterized by preventing contact of the steam with reservoir zones containing considerable amounts of hydrocarbons thus decreasing the vertical sweep efficiency. These phenomena are favored by some features of the formation such as large thickness and reservoir heterogeneities and may affect the technical and economic feasibility of the project if they are not controlled and / or monitored properly.Several methodologies have been designed to address this problem. Among them are injecting surfactants for the formation of in situ foam, which seeks to reduce the mobility of steam; using thermal gels, for plugging high permeability channels; injection of solvents, used to enhance oil mobility; and water-alternating-steam injection (WASP) for scavenging of both upper and lower zone of the formation. This article collects relevant aspects of the mentioned methods, and a comparison is made in base of the number of applications, incremental production and implementation cost.
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