No abstract

El acceso al sistema financiero formal permite a las personas organizarse financieramente, ahorrar y planear para el futuro; sin embargo, todavía es alto el porcentaje de la población colombiana que se encuentra fuera de dicho sistema, en especial las mujeres. El objetivo del presente trabajo es medir, a través de un modelo econométrico alimentado con datos de 2014, del Global Findex Database del Banco Mundial, las diferencias de género en términos de inclusión financiera en Colombia en ese año. Para esto, se tienen en cuenta tres categorías que miden a) el acceso a servicios de una institución financiera formal, b) su uso activo, y c) el uso activo de servicios financieros informales. Esta última categoría cobra relevancia, ya que tiene en cuenta aquel segmento de la población que se encuentra marginado de los servicios formales del sector financiero. En términos generales, se evidencia que ser mujer tiene un impacto negativo para una persona al momento de ser incluido en el sistema financiero formal, entendiendo “inclusión financiera” como el acceso y uso efectivo de servicios financieros formales.

No abstract

Previously, it has been shown that probabilistic seismic risk assessments (PSRAs) at urban scale present important discrepancies when compared with analyses conducted using methodologies from regional or national PSRA. However, conducting site-specific urban-scale analyses for a considerable number of cities may not be feasible due to limitations in time, resources, and in some cases availability of information, and thus more general models or methodologies are used. This brings into the picture the importance of identifying and quantifying the possible biases, discrepancies, and uncertainties when using different methods, both in the hazard and vulnerability components. Regarding the latter, several sources of uncertainty and biases have been identified in 1) the selection of ground motion records, either by using a general pool of records such as the ones from FEMA P695 or by performing a site- or hazard-specific analysis that requires a significant effort, especially in areas with a poor history of seismic instrumentation and even more in regions with no evidence of previous PSRA at all; and 2) the fragility or vulnerability derivation nonlinear dynamic methods: incremental dynamic analysis [IDA], cloud analysis [CA], and multi-stripe Analysis [MSA], among others. Focusing on these sources of uncertainty and bias, and with the challenge to bring solutions for places with scarce information, in this study, we aim to explore the use of different vulnerability derivation assumptions for the three principal cities of Colombia: Bogota, Medellin, and Cali, where most of the economic growth is concentrated. This considers the different seismic hazard levels and tectonic environment contributions in each city. Afterward, a comparison between the results of the analysis without the hazard-specific record selection and the site-specific one for each city is performed to establish the cases in which the former is applicable without adding more biases or uncertainties in the process.

Discrete Event Simulation (DES) has been commonly used in modeling the medical attention of injured people. In earthquakes, a portion of the injured victims are trapped and need to be rescued before receiving medical attention. Hence, the rate of rescue operations and the percentage of victims that are rescued have an impact on the logistics planning of medical attention. In this paper we attempt to improve an existing DES model for medical attention to earthquake victims by proposing an improved way of modeling the inter-arrival rate of trapped people. We compare our results with the DES model applied to an earthquake in the city of Bogotá, Colombia and evaluate the difference of additional logistics requirements. The results show that when the percentage of dead people is below 80% there is a significant increase in the expected number of injured victims in the model, when the trapped people are properly included. 2487 978-1-4799-3950-3/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE