The present study investigates Indonesian and English lexical bundles (LBs) used by Indonesian learners in their thesis abstracts. It aims to examine (1) the most common lexical bundles in the Indonesian and English undergraduate thesis abstracts, (2) similarities/differences in terms of form and functions, and (3) possible factors for the use of LBs in the students' abstracts. The data were obtained from a corpus of 140 abstracts written by Indonesian undergraduate students from Natural Science and Social Science disciplines in several universities in Indonesia. Results show that LBs with the phrases penelitian ini and this research dominate the abstracts. Based on the form, Indonesian and English LBs are mostly similar in the way that the same words are used repetitively from one language to the other, such as dalam penelitian ini, which often becomes in this research. Functionally, research-oriented and text-oriented LBs dominate the abstracts in both languages while the participant-oriented ones are the least frequent LBs. It is implied that the LB usage is influenced by students' knowledge of academic conventions, students' proficiency on the English LBs, and the differences of the languages themselves. There are some implications for teachers and students regarding the use of LBs in academic writing.

This paper explored the modal verb shall in formal and informal writings in academic and fiction registers. It focused on the frequencies of shall across academic and fiction domains in contemporary American English and the differences in the usage of shall between academic and fiction registers of contemporary American English. The researchers used a corpus linguistic method. Data were collected from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and analysed using Hanks’ (2004) Corpus Pattern Analysis technique. All occurrences of shall in academic and fiction writing styles of COCA were retrieved, and 400 concordance lines consisting of 200 texts from each domain were collected. The texts were analysed and described in accordance with their syntactic, stylistic, and semantic characteristics. Results showed that shall was rare in COCA’s academic and fiction registers as the overall frequencies were 59.77 and 68.34 words per million, respectively. From all the 400 tokens being analysed, the researchers found that shall in the observed data could be classified as rules and regulations, direction, prediction, volition, and etc. The uses of shall in both domains in COCA varied syntactically, semantically, and stylistically.