Self-efficacy is one of student’s success predictor, so it should be one of the variables to be considered in learning activities. Research on self-efficacy in pesantren has not been widely disclosed, therefore it is necessary to conduct research related to gender-based self-efficacy in pesantren. The study used an ex-post-facto non-experimental quantitative design at one of pesantren-based SMP and MTs in Pamekasan. There are 29 male and 39 female as the participants of this study. SOSESC-P was used as research instrument. Data were analyzed using t-test. Based on the result, there is no significant difference between the self-efficacy of male and female students in pesantren, tith average score of 64.12 and 64.86 respectively. This indicates that the science learning process in pesantren has succeeded in bridging the achievement of self-efficacy of male and female students, with their comprehensive learning concept in 3 dimensions, namely (1) the deep dimension of religious morality, (2) the dimensions of science and technology, and (3) dimensions of skills needed in the 21st century. The result of this study can be used as evidence in policy making, related to science learning and self-efficacy based on gender.

No abstract

Conceptual understanding is one of the main topics in physics educational research. It is important as the basic of other ability in education, such as argumentation, making scientific explanation and problem solving. This survey study aims to identify students’ difficulty to understand the basic of thermodynamics. There are 128 first year undergraduate students as the participants of the study. The data collection method is test. Result of the study shows that isobaric process of ideal gas and mechanical equilibrium state concepts are the most difficult concepts. Some difficulties are found in understanding the basic of thermodynamics: (1) because of the presence of higher cognitive load while solving conceptual problems, (2) when the question demands other ability, especially mathematical ability, to solve the conceptual problem, (3) because of students’ disability to integrate the knowledge. This study could be used to develop learning instruction or media in basic physics or introduction of thermodynamics course.

Pesantren is an institution that focuses on students' character building. Students have to stay 24 hours in pesantren to participate in character building conducted by pesantren. Many people trust to educate their children in pesantren. Due to people's trust in pesantren and 21 st century skills that should be conquered, the research was conducted to identify students' character, scientific reasoning skills, and its' relationship. The research was conducted in a survey method, using the LCTSR version of 2000 and character selfassessment. It was conducted in one of pesantren in Pamekasan. 56 students were participated as the sample of the research. Learning instruction and character building in pesantren were also described. The result shows that students in pesantren have hard work character as the highest character score and honesty as the lowest character score. It indicates that pesantren needs to reform character building program, especially to build honesty. Students' scientific reasoning skills are low. More than 98% are at a concrete level of cognitive development and there is no correlation between students' character and scientific reasoning skills. Due to the result, there should be a transformation in the learning system in pesantren, to improve students' scientific reasoning skills.