The finding of new isolates of non-Saccharomyces yeasts, showing beneficial enzymes (such as β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase), can contribute to the production of quality wines. In a selection and characterization program, we have studied 114 isolates of non-Saccharomyces yeasts. Four isolates were selected because of their both high β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities. The ribosomal D1/D2 regions were sequenced to identify them as Pichia membranifaciens Pm7, Hanseniaspora vineae Hv3, H. uvarum Hu8, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus Wa1. The induction process was optimized to be carried on YNB-medium supplemented with 4% xylan, inoculated with 106 cfu/mL and incubated 48 h at 28 °C without agitation. Most of the strains had a pH optimum of 5.0 to 6.0 for both the β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities. The effect of sugars was different for each isolate and activity. Each isolate showed a characteristic set of inhibition, enhancement or null effect for β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase. The volatile compounds liberated from wine incubated with each of the 4 yeasts were also studied, showing an overall terpene increase (1.1 to 1.3-folds) when wines were treated with non-Saccharomyces isolates. In detail, terpineol, 4-vinyl-phenol and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol increased after the addition of Hanseniaspora isolates. Wines treated with Hanseniaspora, Wickerhamomyces, or Pichia produced more 2-phenyl ethanol than those inoculated with other yeasts.
La intoxicación por toxinas Estafilococcicas es una de las principales enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, causada por Staphylococcus enterotoxigénicos, debido al manejo inapropiado de los alimentos. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de determinar la frecuencia de cepas enterotoxigénicas de Staphylococci productoras de toxina A, B, C y D aisladas de manipuladores de alimentos y de alimentos utilizando la técnica de PCR. 150 cepas de Staphylococci fueron aisladas de 40 manipuladores y 75 muestras de alimentos. Se identificaron las cepas por microbiología tradicional y se realizó PCR para la detección de los genes sea, seb, sec y sed. El 63,33% (95) de los aislamientos correspondían a S. aureus y el 22% (33) a S. intermedius; el resto de aislamientos (22; 14,67%) no se lograron identificar hasta especie debido a reacciones bioquímicas atípicas. El 22,66% de las 34 cepas (19 alimenticias y 15 humanas) fueron enterotoxigénicas con una mayor frecuencia de cepas productoras de toxina A (10,66%, 13 humanas y tres alimentos), seguido por cepas productoras de toxina C (9,33% tres humanas y once alimenticias) y de toxina B (2,67%, tres humanas y una alimenticia). Un 0,66% de las cepas fueron productoras de toxina A y C (una alimenticia) y no se detectaron cepas productoras de toxina D. Se demostró la presencia de cepas enterotoxigénicas de Staphylococci en manipuladores de alimentos y alimentos con una frecuencia general de 22,66%. Debido a la rapidez de resultados, el PCR se puede utilizar en la caracterización toxigénica de Staphylococci para proteger la salud pública.
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