Objective: To analyse hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission in a cohort of heterosexual couples who are discordant both for HIV and for HCV. Methods:We followed an open cohort of 171 people, 152 women and 19 men, who were not initially infected by either HIV or HCV, and whose steady heterosexual partner presented antibodies to both viruses (index case). Other risk exposures were excluded. Every 6 months clinical, epidemiological, and risk behaviour information was collected, and antibodies to both viruses were determined. Results: During 529 person years of follow up more than 40 000 vaginal or anal penetrations were recorded. 74 partners (43.3%) had vaginal and/or anal intercourse without condoms with the index case; another 15.8%, who always used condoms, declared breaking or slipping episodes during intercourse; and another 22.2% had unprotected orogenital exposures. During the follow up, over 5800 unprotected vaginal and anal contacts with the index case were estimated, as well as more than 25 000 unprotected orogenital contacts. 31 women became pregnant (two were index cases), and seroconversion to HIV occurred for one woman (1.7 per 10 000 unprotected contacts; 95% CI, 0 to 9.5), but there was no seroconversion to HCV (95% CI, 0-6.3 per 10 000 unprotected contacts). Conclusion: These results are consistent with a low or null transmissibility of HCV in heterosexual relations, even when the index case is HIV co-infected.

ResumoObjetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar, utilizando modelagem estatística, os fatores de risco da anemia em crianças de 6 a 59 meses de idade no estado de Pernambuco, contemplando aspectos socioeconômicos e da dieta.Métodos: A amostra constou de 746 crianças de 6 a 59 meses do estado de Pernambuco, nas quais foram realizados dosagem de hemoglobina e inquérito dietético recordatório de 24 horas. Foi analisado o risco de anemia em relação às variáveis socioeconômicas e de consumo alimentar, utilizando modelos de análise multivariada. AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to use statistical modeling to identify risk factors for anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months in the state of Pernambuco, covering socioeconomic and dietary aspects. Methods:The sample comprised 746 children aged between 6 and 59 months from the state of Pernambuco. Their hemoglobin was assayed and a 24-hour dietary recall performed. Risk of anemia was analyzed with relation to socioeconomic variables and to dietary intakes, using multivariate analysis models. Results:The risk factors for anemia were: a high proportion of calories from cow's milk, low density of nonheme iron, low age and low maternal educational level; age was the most prominent factor, with children under 24 months exhibiting 3.61 times greater risk of being anemic than the older children. Conclusions:This study confirms the need for a clear picture of the dietary intake of children in Brazil, in order that associations with anemia can be better understood. Our results revealed that the dietary factors which were most responsible for risk of anemia were a greater proportion of calories from cow's milk and lower density of nonheme iron, in addition to age below 24 months and low maternal educational level.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83(1):39-46: Iron deficiency anemia, epidemiology, risk factors, food intake, child nutrition. IntroduçãoA anemia ferropriva resulta da interação de múltiplos fatores etiológicos que levam a um desequilíbrio entre as necessidades do organismo e a quantidade absorvida de ferro.Os fatores de risco da anemia mais citados na literatura são baixa renda familiar e escolaridade materna, falta de acesso aos serviços de saúde, precariedade nas condições de saneamento e a dieta inadequada em ferro [1][2][3][4]

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Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre a concentração de hemoglobina e prevalência de anemia com variáveis sócio-econômicas e de consumo alimentar. O estudo seccional, realizado em Pernambuco, Brasil, no ano 1997, utilizou a amostragem em três estágios. A amostra compreendeu 746 crianças de 6-59 meses, nas quais foram realizados dosagem de hemoglobina e inquérito dietético recordatório de 24 horas. A prevalência de anemia foi de 40,6%, sendo maior no Interior Rural e diminuindo com o aumento da idade, da renda e da escolaridade materna. A maioria das crianças (88,9%) consumia leite de vaca. A anemia apresentou tendência de aumento com a elevação da proporção de calorias do leite e de redução com o aumento da densidade de ferro (total, heme e não-heme). A idade da criança, a área geográfica, a renda familiar per capita, a escolaridade materna, a densidade de ferro e a proporção de calorias do leite de vaca na dieta são fatores determinantes da anemia no grupo estudado.

This study demonstrated that an elevated number of patients experience pain in the first 24 hours after the surgery. The incidence of pain was higher in patients undergoing general surgery.