Rotavirus serotype G5 in fecal specimens of 38 Brazilian children with diarrhea was identified by PCR and enzyme immunoassays. The strains exhibited long RNA electropherotypes and either subgroup II or nonsubgroup I-nonsubgroup II specificities. Serotype G5 has been found in piglets and horses but not yet in humans.

We conducted a phase I, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate a new 5-valent oral rotavirus vaccine's safety and immunogenicity profiles. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 3 orally administered doses of a live-attenuated human-bovine (UK) reassortant rotavirus vaccine, containing five viral antigens (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G9), or a placebo. The frequency and severity of adverse events were assessed. Immunogenicity was evaluated by the titers of anti-rotavirus IgA and the presence of neutralizing antibodies anti-rotavirus. No severe adverse events were observed. There was no difference in the frequency of mild adverse events between experimental and control groups. The proportion of seroconversion was consistently higher in the vaccine group, for all serotypes, after each one of the doses. The 5-valent vaccine has shown a good profile of safety and immunogenicity in this small sample of adult volunteers.

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28 29 *Denotes equal contribution. 30 31 Corresponding author mailing address: doencasporvetor@ial.sp.gov.br and 32 nuno.faria@zoo.ox.ac.uk 33 34 Article Summary Line: Genomic surveillance of yellow fever in São Paulo during the yellow fever 35 2017-2018 epidemic reveals movement towards Atlantic coast. 36 37 Running title: Phylogeography of yellow fever virus in São Paulo 38 Keywords: Yellow fever, outbreak, Brazil 3 40 Abstract 41 São Paulo (SP), a densely populated state in southeast Brazil that contains one of the world's largest 42 urban regions, has experienced its largest yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in decades. 43 Surveillance in non-human primates (NHP) is important in order to detect YFV early during an 44 epidemic or epizootic, to quantify the magnitude of the outbreak in NHP, and to evaluate the risk of 45 YFV spillover infection in human populations. To better understand the genetic diversity and 46 spatial distribution of YFV during the current outbreak in southeast Brazil, we generated 46 new 47 virus genomes from YFV positive cases identified in 18 different municipalities in SP, mostly 48 sampled from non-human primates between April 2017 and February 2018. Our data show that 49 most NHP cases in São Paulo state were likely caused by the introduction of a single YFV lineage 50 from Minas Gerais to São Paulo. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of these data indicate 51 that YFV spread southwards from Minas Gerais into São Paulo state at a typical rate of <1km per 52 day. These results shed light in the sylvatic transmission of yellow fever in highly fragmented 53 forested regions in São Paulo state and highlight the importance of continued operational research 54 and surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in sentinel populations. 55 4 56 Author´s Summary 57 Since July 2016, the southeast region of Brazil has experienced the largest yellow fever virus (YFV) 58 outbreak in decades. São Paulo is the most densely populated state in southeast Brazil. YFV is not 59 normally present in São Paulo state and therefore a large proportion of the 18 million inhabitants of 60 the state have not been vaccinated against YFV. The presence of YFV in São Paulo state therefore 61 represents a serious threat to public health. In Brazil, YFV typically circulates among non-human 62 primates, with cases in humans representing isolated 'spillover' events from this predominantly 63 sylvatic cycle. Understanding the epidemiological dynamics and spread of YFV in primates is 64 therefore critical for contextualising human cases, and guiding vaccination strategies that can better 65 protect local human populations. Here, we analyse the geographic and temporal distribution of 66 observed cases of YFV in non-human primates in São Paulo state. We generate sequence data from 67 46 YFV positive cases, and perform phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses aimed at 68 understanding the spatial spread of YFV in São Paulo state. We show that most cases in non-human 69 primates in the São Paulo state were likely caused by a sing...

The present study was carried out in order to identify rotavirus and enteric adenovirus in HIV-positive patients with and without diarrhoea, collected in a pre- and early highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Rotavirus was detected in 2.5% (3/118) and adenovirus in 14.4% (17/118) of the samples from patients without diarrhoea. In the patients with diarrhoea, rotavirus was identified in 1.5% (2/133) and adenovirus in 7.5% (10/133). These findings suggest no increased frequency of virus excretion in HIV-infected patients with diarrhoea. The genotype G4P[8] was characterized in all positive rotavirus samples, and this is the first report of rotavirus molecular characterization in HIV-positive patients in Brazil.