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Distance to XRT facility significantly impacts mastectomy use. Opportunities for increasing breast-conservation rates through improved XRT access exist.

Background. Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare tumor arising from olfactory epithelium. This retrospective review analyzed the patterns of failure and long term outcome of patients with esthesioneuroblastoma evaluated at a single institution. Methods. Forty patients with esthesioneuroblastoma were evaluated at the University of Virginia, with a median follow‐up of 130 months. In most cases, treatment consisted of combined‐modality therapy, including radiotherapy and surgery for Stages A and B disease and the addition of chemotherapy for Stage C disease. Fifteen patients received chemotherapy that included cyclophos‐phamide plus vincristine. Thirty‐eight patients received radiotherapy, with a median dose of 50 Gy. Initial surgery for 23 patients included craniofacial resection, whereas the remainder had less extensive surgery (3 had no initial surgery). Five patients were salvaged with high dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (CTX/BMT). Results. Actuarial survivals at 5, 10, and 15 years are 78%, 71%, and 65% respectively. Fifty‐five percent of patients failed therapy, and 68% of the failures were locore‐gional. Thirty‐nine percent of recurrences occurred later than 5 years from diagnosis. Three of the five patients were successfully salvaged with CTX/BMT compared with four of seventeen patients who underwent conventional salvage therapy. Conclusions. Esthesioneuroblastoma is associated with long term survival and late recurrences. Multimodality therapy should be used initially. Durable remissions of failures can be achieved with CTX/BMT.

There is currently much interest in identifying and mitigating gender inequity within medicine, the greater workforce and society as a whole. We provide an evidence-based review of current and historical trends in gender diversity in the RO physician workforce and identify potential barriers to diversity and inclusion in training, professional development, and career advancement. Next, we move to actionable items, addressing methods to mitigate bias, harassment, and other impediments to professional productivity and characterizing leadership lessons and imperatives for departmental, institutional, and organizational leaders.