Many abiotic factors have affected symbiosis effectiveness. However, the responses and interactions vary depending on the plant host, environmental factors, and symbiotic strains. The effect of various environmental factors on the competitiveness of rhizobial strains in host legumes has been examined, but many questions are still unresolved. For example, in the Rhizobia-legume symbiosis, the nitrogen fixation and nodulation processes are strongly related to the physiological state of the host plant. Therefore, a competitive and persistent rhizobial strain is not expected to express its total capacity for nitrogen fixation under limiting factors (e.g., salinity, unfavorable soil pH, nutrient deficiency, mineral toxicity, extreme temperatures, soil moisture problems, and inadequate photoperiods). Moreover, populations of rhizobial species vary in their tolerance to major environmental factors. Furthermore, this chapter emphasizes the studies on symbiosis under abiotic stress and its challenges. Additionally, this can help to understand and establish an effective biological process for improvement in agricultural productivity.