OBJECTIVE: To analyze the recommendations of international organizations based on the Washington Consensus on health system reforms of selected countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1980s and 1990s and to investigate the effects of the competitive market logic on public action in the health system. METHODS: Comparative analysis of the characteristics of health system reforms conducted in the 1980s and 1990s, still seen in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Data were collected by documental analysis and literature review. The systems were described based on the characteristics of: co-payment, privatization mechanisms, decentralization, fragmentation of the system, integration of funding sources and coverage of the population (universal or segmented). RESULTS: The reforms were implemented differently, worsening inequalities in health service delivery systems. Changes related to the neoliberal idea of transforming public action in the direction of private logic point to the predominance of competition rules and the reduction in economic costs in all countries analyzed, contrary to the logic of universal health systems. CONCLUSION: The reduction in economic costs, the fragmentation of systems and inequalities in the provision of health services, among others, may mean other future costs resulting from low protection to the population’s health. A striking and multidimensional counter-reform is essential to make health a right of all again, in a solidarity system that can lead to the reduction in inequalities and a more democratic society.

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Developmentalism and new-developmentalism. This paper starts from the conceptualism of New Developmentalism which was proposed by its formulators and their criticism of the "old" developmentalism in order to compare both. It is elaborate in both theoretical and historical levels. In the former, it explores the theoretical streams that contributed to the formulation of economic policies that designated the Latin American developmentalism. In the latter, it focuses on the economic policy of the Brazilian import-substitution industrialization and advocates the impropriety of associating it to the irresponsibility in the management of the foreign exchange, fiscal and monetary policies, as the proposers of New Developmentalism assert. Finally, in a third stage, it resumes the propositions of the New Developmentalism and debates the pertinence of some of its policy propositions based upon theoretical considerations and the Brazilian experience which were mentioned in the previous stages.Keywords: developmentalism; new developmentalism; Brazilian economy. JEL Classification: B15; O11; O23; N16. INTRODUçãOO objetivo deste artigo é discutir o conceito de novo-desenvolvimentismo no sentido de, ao esclarecer suas raízes teóricas, contribuir para o desenho adequado das políticas macroeconômicas prescritas ou indicadas para o desenvolvimento do país, este último entendido não apenas como crescimento da produção, mas tam-

RESUMO O artigo revisa as controvérsias sobre a neutralidade / não neutralidade da moeda na História do Pensamento Econômico, estabelecendo critérios para a classificação da ortodoxia e da heterodoxia, especialmente no que diz respeito às questões monetárias. O artigo enfatiza a não neutralidade da moeda sob a perspectiva da teoria monetária marxista da inflação, enfatizando as diferenças da teoria monetarista da inflação.