Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder in pregnancy, and yet it is less studied than postpartum depression despite the consequences it may have on both the pregnant woman and her offspring. Therefore, it would be important to know which risk factors may favour the appearance of antenatal depression in order to carry out appropriate prevention interventions. The aim of the present review was to identify the main risk factors of antenatal depression. We searched in databases PubMed and PsycINFO for articles published about the factors associated with antenatal depression from January 2010 through December 2020. The literature review identified three main groups of antenatal depression risk factors: sociodemographic, obstetric, and psychological. First, among the sociodemographic variables, the low level of studies and the economic income clearly stood out from the rest. Then, not having planned the pregnancy was the main obstetric variable, and finally, the main psychological risk factors were having a history of psychological disorders and/or depression as well as presenting anxiety, stress, and/or low social support during pregnancy. This review shows that the antenatal depression is affected by multiple factors. Most can be identified at the beginning of the pregnancy, and some are risk factors potentially modifiable through appropriate interventions, such as psychological factors. For this reason, it is important to carry out a good screening for depression during pregnancy and consequently, be able to prevent its appearance or treat it if necessary.

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Depressive symptoms were a predictor of tobacco consumption but not of spontaneous quitting; spontaneous quitting was better predicted by anxiety symptoms. These findings support recommendations that women with depressive symptoms are at risk for smoking during pregnancy and highlight that anxious symptoms should be targeted in interventions for smoking cessation during pregnancy.

This study evaluated the effects of including a single brief prequit telephone counseling session in a self-help program for smoking cessation conducted through the mail, by comparison with the effects of the self-help program alone. Volunteer participants from northwestern Spain (N = 228) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (a) the self-help-only group (n = 110, mean age = 37.4 years, pretreatment cigarette consumption = 26.5 cigarettes/day) or (b) the telephone-support group (n = 118, mean age = 36.8 years, pretreatment cigarette consumption = 27.7 cigarettes/day). Using a conservative data analysis method (missing data considered as treatment failures), we found that the point-prevalence abstinence rate was significantly higher in the telephone-support group than in the self-help-only group at the end of treatment (44.9% vs. 21.8%) and at the 3-month follow-up (39.0% vs. 26.4%). Likewise, sustained abstinence was significantly higher in the telephone-support group at the 3-month follow-up (33.9% vs. 13.6%), the 6-month follow-up (25.4% vs. 12.7%), and the 12-month follow-up (21.2% vs. 9.1%). The results of this randomized controlled trial indicate that both treatments are an effective aid for smoking cessation, and that a single brief telephone call before the quit date is a low-cost and effective procedure for improving abstinence rates in a mailed self-help program.

Introducción. Durante décadas, las investigaciones sobre el alcoholismo se hicieron con muestras formadas casi exclusivamente por varones; sin embargo, el creciente interés por las necesidades de las mujeres que presentan esta problemática ha generado un aumento de los estudios sobre las diferencias de género en los trastornos por consumo de alcohol.Objetivo. Obtener una visión actualizada de las características diferenciadoras del alcoholismo en mujeres.Materiales y métodos. Revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PsycINFO y Medline entre los años 2004 y 2014.Resultados. Los estudios revisados muestran diferencias de género en la edad de inicio del consumo, el curso clínico, los factores de riesgo, la presencia de comorbilidad psicopatológica y la demanda de tratamiento.Conclusiones. Las mujeres presentan una mayor edad de inicio del consumo de alcohol y una historia de consumo más corta hasta que desarrollan problemas. Entre los factores de riesgo de consumo se observa mayor frecuencia de acontecimientos traumáticos —como maltrato y abuso sexual infantil— y convivencia con una pareja alcohólica. Las mujeres con problemas de alcoholismo también presentan mayor prevalencia de síntomas depresivos y ansiedad y menor uso de los servicios asistenciales.