Antecedentes y Objetivos: La identificación de poblaciones silvestres, con manejo agrícola o silvícola en los centros de origen y domesticación de plantas, es una acción importante en la conservación de los recursos fitogenéticos. Para identificar los centros de origen, domesticación y diversidad genética de Spondias purpurea en Mesoamérica se realizó un análisis filogeográfico de la especie.Métodos: Se amplificó el marcador de DNAcp trnS-trnG para 66 accesiones del banco de germoplasma de S. purpurea y se obtuvieron las secuencias publicadas en GenBank para este marcador en el género Spondias. Las secuencias se agruparon en 54 poblaciones distribuidas de siete provincias biogeográficas de Mesoamérica, de acuerdo con las localidades de las colectas, y en tres categorías: silvestre, silvícola y agrícola.Resultados clave: Se identificaron 38 haplotipos diferentes de los cuales 17 son exclusivos de S. purpurea, 12 a S. mombin, dos a S.radlkoferi y tres a S. testudinis; uno agrupa a S. purpurea y S. mombin, y uno a S. purpurea y S. radlkoferi. El análisis de contingencia anidada resultó en cinco grupos de haplotipos para las secuencias de todas las especies y otros cinco para los haplotipos de S. purpurea.Conclusiones: El análisis de los resultados sugiere lo siguiente: 1) la falta de diferenciación entre los linajes podría deberse a hibridación entre las especies del género, lo que debe comprobarse con otros marcadores moleculares; 2) el centro de origen de S. purpurea se encuentra en la región de occidente de México (Jalisco, Nayarit, Michoacán); 3) el centro de origen y la región de Guatemala son centros de domesticación de S. purpurea; 4) existen ocho poblaciones que contienen haplotipos importantes para la conservación del germoplasma y tres provincias con diversidad nucleotídica importante.
This work aimed to evaluate domestication effects on the genetic structure of two dioecious species Brosimum alicastrum Sw. (Moraceae) and Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae), and a heterostylous one Cordia dodecandra A. DC. (Cordiaceae), growing in remnant forests and homegardens within two climatic regions of the Peninsula of Yucatan. The trees of B. alicastrum and C. dodecandra are propagated by seeds in both population types, while those of S. purpurea are propagated asexually in the homegardens. ISSRs genetic markers were amplified from foliar tissue of 18 to 21 plants per population type/region combination for each species. Genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and genetic structure estimators were obtained and compared among species at the regional and population level. We found higher polymorphism (37.5–41), but lower private alleles (4–4.4) and similar heterozygosity (0.1–0.12) in the species with sexual reproduction compared to S. purpurea (34, 8, and 0.11, respectively). Genetic diversity in B. alicastrum populations varied with the region; in C. dodecandra, to the population type; and in S. purpurea, to both the population type and the region. Unrestricted gene flow among regions was suggested by low ΦRT in C. dodecandra and S. purpurea (−0.006 and 0.002) but not for B. alicastrum (0.1). Gene flow between populations within the regions for the sexually reproducing species was suggested by lower θII (0.005–0.07 and 0.008–0.1) estimates than those of S. purpurea (0.09 and 0.13). Even though the lowest paired FST (0.002–0.05) and ΦST (0.002–0.12) values were found between the northeastern forest and homegarden populations for the three species, the dendrogram, Bayesian assignment, and K-Means analyses suggest that the least differentiated populations are southwestern forest and homegarden populations of B. alicastrum and S. purpurea, and the southwestern forest and northeastern homegarden of C. dodecandra. The sexual reproduction, biotic interactions, and extensive management of B. alicastrum and C. dodecandra in the agroforestry and the urban systems may contribute to connectivity between wild and domesticated populations, while in S. purpurea this connectivity is interrupted by the clonal propagation of the species in the homegardens.
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