Resumen: Se estudió la composición y la estructura de la vegetación secundaria de diez años de edad en el área de Tepakán, Campeche, México. Se delimitaron 20 parcelas de 5 × 10 m 2 (1,000 m 2 en total), midiendo todos los individuos de 2 cm de DAP. El análisis estructural de la vegetación se basó en los valores de importancia de las especies. La diversidad se estimó con el índice de Shannon-Wiener (H'). Se encontraron 1,150 individuos leñosos de 43 especies, agrupadas en 35 géneros y 21 familias. El valor de H' fue de 1.59. La familia con mayor número de especies fue Fabaceae (14 especies). Cordia alliodora fue la más importante con base en su elevado valor de densidad y dominancia relativa, seguida en importancia por Piscidia piscipula y Acacia gaumeri, las que aglutinaron 33.9% del total del valor de importancia. Estas especies son las más importantes en la estructura y fisonomía de la comunidad vegetal. Palabras claves: composición, estructura, florística, Tepakán, vegetación secundaria. Abstract:We studied species composition and structure of a ten year-old secondary forest in Tepakán, Campeche, Mexico. We marked 20 plots of 5 × 10 m 2 (1,000 m 2 in total), where all individuals with a DBH 2 cm were measured. Vegetation structure was characterized using the importance values of the species, and species diversity was estimated with the Shannon-Wiener (H') Index. We recorded 1,150 woody individuals in 43 species, 35 genera, and 21 families. Diversity was H'= 1.59. The Fabaceae was the family with the highest number of species (14). Cordia alliodora was the most important species according to its large stem density, followed by Piscidia piscipula and Acacia gaumeri. Together they account for 33.9% of total importance value. These species are the most important in the structure and physiognomy of the community. Key words: composition, floristic, secondary vegetation, structure, Tepakán.TAXONOMÍA Y FLORÍSTICA L as selvas tropicales son un recurso natural importante, ya que regulan la atmósfera a nivel global, proporcionan hábitats para numerosas especies vegetales y animales, regulan el sistema hidrológico a nivel local y regional y con el reciclaje de sus nutrimentos permiten la fertilidad natural del suelo. Además brindan a las poblaciones rurales y urbanas, maderas útiles en la construcción de viviendas, forraje, plantas alimenticias, combustible y medicinales, entre otras (Granielo-Vásquez, 1985;Sánchez-Aguilar y Rebollar-Domínguez, 1999;Martínez-Ramos y García-Orth, 2007).La demanda del recurso vegetal para la industria y el sustento de la población humana en las regiones con selvas tropicales han causado la pérdida, además de una fuerte conversión de estas comunidades vegetales en áreas agrícolas, pecuarias y asentamientos humanos (Gehring et al., 1999;Arias-Escobar y Barrera-Cataño, 2007). Como resultado se han perdido dos terceras partes de las selvas tropicales del planeta (Wilson, 1988). Este cambio en el uso del suelo ha provocado cambios en la estructura y composición florísti-ca de los remanentes de...
Metopium brownei y Manilkara zapota y la palma Sabal yapa.
Oxpemul is an archaeological site with pre‐Hispanic legacy located in the Calakmul biosphere reserve in Mexico. The stelae in this site have important epigraphic records of the Mayan culture. However, this information can be lost due to weathering processes that these structures undergo. In this work, ion chromatography analysis of ions extracted from samples obtained in situ using cotton poultices was used to discuss the weathering processes involved in four stelae located in Oxpemul. The plots of Ca2+vs SO42−, (Ca2+ + Mg2+) vs HCO3− and Ca2+vs HCO3− and the mineral phases found by x‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the dissolution of carbonates from the limestone and the recrystallization processes of these phases are the main weathering processes that occur in the stelae. Furthermore, it was found that the hydrolysis of silicates by cation exchange reactions to form montmorillonite contributes to the weathering process. The presence of oxalate crystals found by XRD and electron microscopy revealed that biodeterioration reactions also contribute to the weathering of the stelae. This is the first study carried out to identify and understand the weathering processes that occur in these stelae. This information could be useful to establish strategies for preserving, conserving, and restoring these vestiges.
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