Background: For several years mobile X-ray equipment has been routinely used for imaging in patients too unwell within the hospital, when transportation to the radiology department was inadvisable. Now, mobile X-ray examinations are also used outside the hospital. The literature describes that fragile patients may benefit from mobile X-ray, but we need to provide insights into the breadth, depth and gaps in a body of literature. Methods: The scoping review was performed by searching PubMed, Cinahl, Embase, EconLit and Health Technology Assessment. English-, Danish-, Norwegian-, German-, Italian-, French-and Swedish-language studies, published 1.1.2009-1.5.2020 about mobile X-ray outside the hospital were included. Participants were patients examined using mobile X-ray as the intervention. PRISMA was used when eligible to build up the review. To extract data from the selected articles, we used a structured summary table. Results: We included 12 studies in this scoping review. The results were divided into four topics:1. Target population 2. Population health 3. Experience of care and 4. Cost effectiveness. The main findings are that target population could be larger for instance including hospice patients for palliative care, group dwelling for people with intellectual disabilities, or psychiatric patients, population health may be improved, image quality seems to be good and mobile X-ray may be cost effective. Limitations of language, databases and grey literature may have resulted in studies being missed. Conclusions: Mobile X-ray may be used outside hospital. There seems to be potential benefits to both patients and health care staff. Based on the published studies it is not possible to draw a final conclusion if mobile X-ray examination is a relevant diagnostic offer and for whom. Further studies are needed to assess the feasibility of use in fragile patients, also regarding staff, relatives and societal consequences and therefore the topic mobile X-ray needs more research.

Background: For frail patients, it may sometimes be preferable to carry out X-ray examinations at the patients’ own home. The general state of such patients may worsen due to transport and change of environment when transported for examination at the hospital. Objective: The aim of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to investigate if mobile X-ray improves healthcare for fragile patients. The primary outcome was the number of hospitalizations. Data sources: We collected all data using questionnaires and data from the Electronic Patient Record (ER). Participants: Patients referred to a mobile X-ray examination living in nursing homes and homes for the elderly in the Aarhus Municipality (Denmark). Intervention: mobile X-ray examinations compared to those at the hospital. Study appraisal: Data were collected and stored using the computer programme Redcap. Stata was used for statistical calculations. One hundred and thirty-six patients were included in the RCT. We did not find significant differences between mobile X-ray (intervention) and X-ray at the hospital (control) concerning hospitalizations and number of hospital days. Challenges: We met several challenges when carrying out RCT in the planned study population. Doctors often withdraw the referral when they found out that their patient should go to the hospital instead of mobile X-ray. The nursing home staff often considered the patient too frail to allow the test person to ask questions post X-ray. We also met challenges in the randomization method resulting in bias in the first data collection, so we had to adjust the randomization method. Conclusions: For the fragile patients in the present explorative study, mobile X-ray did not significantly reduce the number of hospitalizations compared to X-ray at the hospital. Yet, mobile X-ray may be a new important diagnostic tool for more precise treatment to the frailest patients for whom transportation to the hospital is too exhausting. We need studies with focus on this aspect. We also recommend future RCT studies in a population for which mobile X-ray has not yet been a possibility.

Background For several years mobile X-ray equipment has been used in intensive care units, when transportation to the radiology department was inadvisable. Now, mobile X-ray examinations are also used outside hospital. The literature describes that fragile patients may benefit from mobile X-ray, but we need to know if it is an evident alternative to hospital-based examination and in what populations. Methods We searched PubMed, Cinahl and Embase for English-, Danish-, Norwegian - and Swedish-language studies, published within the last 10 years about mobile X-ray outside the hospital. We decided that both qualitative and quantitative studies were eligible. Result We included nine studies in this scoping review. The results were divided into four topics : 1. Target population 2. Population health 3 . Experience of care and 4. C ost effectiveness . The conclusions are unclear, as quality of the evidence is low, the study populations are small, and the descriptions of the technology are week. Conclusion Mobile X-ray may be used outside hospital. There seems to be potential benefits to both patients and health care staff. Based on the published studies it is not possible to conclude if mobile X-ray examination is a relevant diagnostic offer and for whom. Further studies are needed to assess the feasibility of use in fragile patients, also regarding staff, relatives and society.

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