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We study the expressive power of the downward and vertical fragments of XPath equipped with (in)equality tests over data trees. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a class of pointed data trees to be definable by a set of formulas or by a single formula of each of the studied logics. To do so, we introduce a notion of saturation, and show that over saturated data trees bisimulation coincides with logical equivalence.

We give sound and complete axiomatizations for XPath with data tests by 'equality' or 'inequality', and containing the single 'child' axis. This data-aware logic predicts over data trees, which are tree-like structures whose every node contains a label from a finite alphabet and a data value from an infinite domain. The language allows us to compare data values of two nodes but cannot access the data values themselves (i.e. there is no comparison by constants). Our axioms are in the style of equational logic, extending the axiomatization of data-oblivious XPath, by B. ten Cate, T. Litak and M. Marx. We axiomatize the full logic with tests by 'equality' and 'inequality', and also a simpler fragment with 'equality' tests only. Our axiomatizations apply both to node expressions and path expressions. The proof of completeness relies on a novel normal form theorem for XPath with data tests.

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