Background: Perinatal anxiety and depression are common complications during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the item characteristics, reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) and to determine the associations between scale scores and sociodemographic factors in a sample of pregnant women from Spain. Method: A total of 845 pregnant women were recruited from two public hospitals in Spain between 2014 and 2016. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire that included Patient Health Questionnaire-4, including the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and scale inter-correlations between the PHQ-4 and PHQ-9 revealed that the PHQ-4 has a bivariate structure and adequately assesses the dimensions of antenatal anxiety and depression. Conclusion: The PHQ-4 is a reliable and valid instrument to screen for depression and anxiety during pregnancy. The PHQ-4 is an ultra-brief measure that can be used to screen for antenatal depression and anxiety to prevent the negative consequences associated with these mental health conditions among mothers and infants.
Background Pregnancy is a period when women are particularly vulnerable to suicidal ideation and a great opportunity for suicide risk prevention. Aims This study aimed to establish a comprehensive understanding of suicidal ideation prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, consequences and management during pregnancy. Method A literature search was performed in MEDLINE and PsycInfo databases from 2016 to 2021. A narrative synthesis of the literature and a critical overview of the current issues/questions to be addressed within the topic of suicidal ideation during pregnancy was performed. Results The prevalence of suicidal ideation during pregnancy was between 2.73 and 18% internationally. The risk factors identified were major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, difficulties with sleep, previous suicide attempts, high rumination, low incomes, being black, being young, low educational level, partner violence, having poor support, food insecurity, history of child abuse, high obstetric risk, multiparity, previous induced abortion and exposure to tobacco or human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis. The screening tools used for suicidal ideation during pregnancy were item 10 of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Results showed that suicidal ideation during pregnancy is associated with poor cognitive development in children and low birth weight. No case management studies on suicidal ideation were found. Limitations The main limitation of the available studies was the lack of articles with a high degree of methodological rigour on this subject. Conclusions This narrative review is a state-of-the-art paper about suicidal ideation during pregnancy. Further research is needed, and researchers should carry out systematic reviews and meta-analyses, leading to Clinical Practice Guidelines in this area. This effort would improve our evidence-based practice in Perinatal Psychology and prevent associated suicidal behaviour.
información del artículoHistoria del artículo: Recibido el 8 de mayo de 2017 Aceptado el 9 de mayo de 2017 On-line el 26 de mayo de 2017 La depresión perinatal (PND) está específicamente vinculada al periodo comprendido entre el inicio del embarazo y el primer año tras haber dado a luz. La gestación y el posparto son etapas en las que se desencadenan numerosos episodios depresivos. Síntomas como la irribilidad, la falta de interés, los trastornos en el apetito o el sueño y los sentimientos de tristeza, culpabilidad o desesperanza pueden iniciarse en cualquier momento de la etapa perinatal, derivando en los casos más graves en pensamientos destructivos de la madre hacia ella misma o hacia su bebé.Con una prevalencia en nuestro país que oscila entre un 6 y un 8% (Grote et al., 2010), la depresión posparto (PPD) constituye un importante problema de salud pública. Entre sus predictores más significativos está haber sufrido depresión antes del parto, lo que resulta especialmente alarmante si se tiene en cuenta que la prevalencia de la depresión prenatal está aumentando en los últimos años hasta tasas que duplican las de la PPD (Field, 2011), estimándose en estudios en diferentes países entre el 6 y el 38% (Previti, Pawlby, Chowdhury, Aguglia y Pariante, 2014).Frente a la gravedad de esta situación, en España apenas se han desarrollado programas preventivos para mitigarla, ni se dispone de suficientes datos estadísticos para realizar una correcta vigilancia de la salud perinatal (Ayerza y Herraiz, 2015). Además, los facultativos, se encuentran con otros problemas a la hora de prescribir un tratamiento, como son la elevada variedad de tratamientos e intervenciones y la falta de evidencias científicas que apoyen su validez (Hara, Dennis, McCabe y Galbally, 2015). * Autor para correspondencia.Correo electrónico: rmarcos@gmail.com (R. Marcos-Nájera).Con carácter general, los sistemas de salud evalúan regularmente a las mujeres embarazadas para determinar los casos de síndrome de Down o diabetes gestacional, estando las tasas de estas patologías están en torno a un 3% (Bennett e Indman, 2016). Sin embargo, no se incorpora a los protocolos de vigilancia de la salud el cribado y seguimiento del riesgo de sufrir depresión perinatal, aún cuando esta enfermedad, con una tasa entorno al 20% (Bennett e Indman, 2016), afecta a una de cada cinco mujeres y tiene importantes repercusiones si no se atiende adecuadamente.Por otra parte, en España los datos de morbidad hospitalaria (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2016) muestran, como en 2015, que frente al 24% de las mujeres que asistieron a instituciones privadas los hospitales públicos registraron el 76% de las altas por embarazo, parto o puerperio, convirtiendo a estos centros sanitarios en un lugar privilegiado para identificar y prevenir la depresión en esta población.Importantes organismos internacionales inciden en la importancia de la prevención y facilitan directrices y recomendaciones sobre metodología, instrumentos de evaluación y características de las intervenciones. ...
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