First branchial cleft anomalies (FBCAs) are the most infrequent malformations that occur during the development of the branchial apparatus, appearing in less than 8% of all branchial anomalies. Traditionally, they are classified into Work type I and II, depending on their origin. We present a pair of rare FBCAs: a case of a preauricular Work type I cyst with twin fistulae coursing toward the parotid gland and a Work type II cyst of significant dimensions.

Hemangiomas of the head and neck account for about 7% of all benign tumors in children. Τhey are rare in the nasal cavity and especially in the nasal septum. Only 16 cases of intranasal hemangiomas in childhood have been previously described in the literature and 6 of them arising from the nasal septum. We present a rare case of a nasal septum hemangioma (NSH) in a 9-year-old boy who was treated with transnasal endoscopic resection.

Significance statementEndotracheal intubation may result in injury to the hypopharynx, larynx, and trachea, leading to granuloma formation. Postintubation granuloma of the larynx-hypopharynx is an uncommon cause of airway obstruction and stridor, especially in infants. Only one case of postintubation laryngeal granuloma in infants causing stridor has been previously described in the literature. We present the first clinical report of postintubation granuloma of the hypopharynx in an infant, treated successfully with endoscopic resection.A 4-month-old female was referred to our ear, nose, and throat (ENT) department with a 1-month history of progressive inspiratory stridor, respiratory distress, and feeding problems. She was born by cesarean section due to twin pregnancy (27 weeks) and premature onset of delivery, weighed 700g, and APGAR scores were 5 at 1 minute and 6 at 5 minutes. Immediately after birth, the neonate was intubated and transferred to neonatal intensive care unit for further diagnosis and treatment. The neonate diagnosed with patent ductus arteriosus, on the 1 st day of life, was successfully restored with surgery at 58 th day. She was also diagnosed with nenonatal respiratory distress syndrom type 2 and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. During her hospitalization, the patient suffered from two episodes of sepsis by staphylococci aureus, controlled effectively with medications.The patient was intubated three times (9 days of intubation in total) during her 3-month hospitalization. After the third extubation, she developed a progressive inspiratory stridor. Flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy revealed a pedunculated mass (1.9 x 1.6 x 0.8 cm in size) at the posterior wall of hypopharynx (Figure 1A). The mass was prolapsing into the airway and was obstructing 100% of the glottic aperture during inspiration (Figure 1B). An endoscopic resection of the mass, en block with its pedicle, under general

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Background: The standard treatment for reconstructing the middle vault of the nose is to use spreader grafts. Recently, an alternative technique using spreader flaps has become widely accepted. Methodology: A literature search was performed in ΜEDLINE, Science Direct, the Cochrane Library and multiple trial registries. The systematic review included studies evaluating the effectiveness of spreader flaps, with or without comparison to the spreader graft technique, in patients who had undergone primary rhinoplasty. Results: Thirteen studies with a total of 500 patients met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed systematically. All studies measured breathing function improvement. Additionally, aesthetic improvement/satisfaction was evaluated in seven studies. The use of spreader flaps seems to improve breathing function, as seen in twelve out of thirteen studies. Furthermore, the studies assessing the aesthetic aspect of a primary rhinoplasty showed that spreader flaps can provide satisfactory results. The comparison between spreader flaps and spreader grafts showed similar results in most studies dealing with this topic in both the breathing function improvement and aesthetic improvement/satisfaction domains. Conclusions: This study is the first systematic review assessing the functional and aesthetic outcomes of spreader flaps in primary rhinoplasty, and it shows encouraging results comparable to those of spreader grafts.