Introduction and purpose: Celiac disease occurs in 1% of the general population. However, many cases remain unrecognized. The disease is a chronic immune-mediated disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten that appears in individuals with genetic susceptibility. Celiac disease can develop in paediatric patients as well as adults. The purpose of this review is to analyze the newest information on the characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of patients with celiac disease.  Material and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and published between 2015 and 2022. The research was done by looking through keywords such as: “celiac disease”, “Gluten-Free Diet”, “diagnosis” and “treatment”. Results: The diagnosis of celiac disease is most often delayed due to the broad spectrum of presentations. Screening of at-risk individuals is important to progress the diagnosis. It is additionally crucial to raise clinicians' attention to non-specific parenteral symptoms that may indicate celiac disease. The majority of the symptoms arise from nutritional deficiencies caused by intestinal malabsorption. According to scientific reports, the most common deficiencies of people with celiac disease are iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, fat-soluble vitamins and a calcium. Conclusions: Recent years have seen the emergence of research into new therapeutic options, but their efficacy and safety still need to be evaluated more thoroughly. Strict adherence to a gluten-free diet by patients is still the only treatment option at present. Celiac disease, due to the constant increase in knowledge about its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment is an important material for further research.

Introduction and purpose:The prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in the population is not exactly known. Since cardiac arrhythmias are often episodic, they cannot be detected by conventional methods such as electrocardiography (ECG), which takes only a few seconds to record. The purpose of this review is to analyze the latest information regarding the use of smart watches to detect cardiac arrhythmias.Material and methods:This review is based on available data collected in the PubMed database published between 2015 and 2022. The search was performed by browsing keywords such as: "smartwatch", "cardiac arrhythmia", "mHealth", "screening", "wearable devices".Results: The results suggest that the detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) using commercially available smartwatches shows very high diagnostic accuracy. Accuracy in smartwatch arrhythmia detection demonstrated a cumulative sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 1.00-1.00) in 16 studies with 5,050 participants. Sensitivity ranged from 25% (95% CI 0.14-0.36) to 100% (95% CI 1.00-1.00), specificity ranged from 68% (95% CI 0.65 -0.70) to 100% (95% Cl 1.00-1.00). Insufficient quality of the PPG signal resulted in the exclusion of some data in many studies. The analyzes showed no difference in diagnostic accuracy between photoplethysmography (PPG) and single-lead electrocardiography used in these devices.Conclusions: The prevalence of arrhythmias in the form of atrial fibrillation and other forms of arrhythmia in the middle-aged and older population is significant. This review highlights the increasing role of electronic devices in the detection of cardiac arrhythmias. Smartwatches show promising accuracy in detecting arrhythmias, but more research is needed to make this method of arrhythmia recognition a common screening method.

Obesity is considered a disease of civilization representing a global health and social problem. Currently, 21% of adult Poles suffer from obesity, so every fifth patient contacted by a doctor is obese. Obesity is a chronic disease, associated with excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, which causes a deterioration in the health and quality of life of an obese patient. It also consequently leads to an increased risk of developing many diseases - including cardiovascular, metabolic and neoplastic diseases. Excessive body weight ranks sixth in importance as a risk factor responsible for the number of deaths worldwide. The mainstay of obesity treatment is lifestyle modification. It includes changing eating habits and increasing physical activity. However, due to the high prevalence of obesity in developed countries, its serious consequences and the unsatisfactory effect of weight loss in some patients with an appropriate diet, pharmacological methods of obesity treatment were searched for. Currently, there are three drugs approved for the treatment of obesity in Poland: orlistat, a combined preparation of naltrexone + bupropion and liraglutide – agonist of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. The effectiveness of one of them - liraglutide - is particularly significant, and the effect of this drug in reducing cardiovascular risk is also promising, which is extremely important in obese patients. For this reason, in the latest recommendations of the Polish Obesity Treatment Association, liraglutide is indicated as the drug of first choice for obese or overweight patients with a BMI ≥27 kg / m2, in whom coexisting: pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis or sleep apnea syndrome. Due to the presence of GLP-1 receptors in many organs, the use of liraglutide in the future would probably extend to more diseases than obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Introduction and purpose: Neonatal asphyxia is a medical condition in which the neonate is not able to maintain sufficient respiratory function. The hypoxia may be caused by either an impaired respiratory activity of the neonate or an interruption of blood flow to the placenta in the period immediately before or during delivery, which resulted in inadequate oxygen perfusion to vital organs. Description of the state of knowledge: Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a form of perinatal hypoxia, occurring in newborns after the 35th week of gestation and presenting along with neurological disorders. In fact, it is a major cause of death and infant disability. The incidence of HIE is approximately 2-5 per 1000 live births. The standard recommended treatment for perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy is therapeutic hypothermia. There are two methods used: selective head cooling with moderate whole-body hypothermia (SHC) and whole-body hypothermia (WBC). In both cases, metabolism and neural tissue destruction are slowed down. Conclusions: Therapeutic hypothermia is a promising treatment option for neonatal encephalopathy. Thus, it decreases the risk of death and neurological deficits in the form of cerebral palsy, epilepsy and psychomotor retardation. Whole-body hypothermia appears to be a more successful method than selective head cooling, however more research is still needed.

Introduction: The efforts to restore lost collagen, regain youthful-looking skin and healthier joints have made collagen oral supplements a huge trend of the last few years. Because collagen is the main building protein of our body, many people may ask themselves - can collagen supplementation have a real impact on our health? Are these nutraceuticals a fountain of youth in a bottle or nothing more than marketing hype?The aim of the study: The aim of this paper was to present the current state of knowledge on the supplementation of collagen and application of collagen in oral nutraceuticals. Material and methods: Literature review available on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar and evaluation of available randomized controlled trials using collagen supplementation in terms of treatment effectiveness in terms of skin quality, anti-aging benefits and potential use in dermatology. Abstracts, comments, and non-English language articles were excluded. Conclusions: Collagen is important for maintaining the structural integrity of every tissue in the body. Despite many studies on collagen supplementation, the literature is still impecunious, but the scientific works so far confirm that supplementation with hydrolyzed collagen can improve various aspects of skin aging.Key words: collagen, collagen peptides, antiaging, skin health, nutraceuticals