We examine the effect of mulches on the soil volumetric water content (SVWC), pH, carbon (C), total and mineral (NH 4 and NO 3 ) nitrogen (N), total and bicarbonate phosphorus (P), and on the survival and relative growth rate of three species, Ipomea wolcottiana Rose, Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis Micheli and Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth, in a degraded seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) area. Our study year was unusually dry, with only half of the mean annual rainfall. Sixteen plots (5 · 6 m) for each of our four treatments, mulches with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) straw, forest litter (SDTF litter), polyethylene and bare soil (control), were used. In each plot, 20 tree saplings were planted of each species. The SVWC was higher in plots mulched with polyethylene than in bare soil plots. The soil pH did not change with mulching, and there were no differences between treatments in the concentrations of soil organic C, total N, NO 3 and total P. However, soil concentrations of NH 4 were highest in plots with alfalfa straw and of bicarbonate P in plots with polyethylene. Sapling survival was higher in polyethylene mulch plots than in other mulching treatments, in the order I. wolcottiana > C. eriostachys > L. eriocarinalis. Sapling survival under organic mulches, alfalfa straw and forest litter were similar, and lowest in bare soil. The relative growth rate followed the order L. eriocarinalis < C. eriostachys < I. wolcotiana, and the growth rate of all species was greatest under polyethylene mulch. We conclude that a combination of polyethylene mulch with species of high growth rate is best for restoring seasonally dry tropical areas.
Mulches effect on net radiation (R N ), air (T a ) and soil (T S ) temperature, vapour pressure deficit (VPD), soil water content (SW), stomatal conductance (g S ) and survival of three native species in a degraded tropical deciduous forest area was examined. The study year was dry, with half of the average annual rainfall. Three blocks were chosen, each block contained sixteen plots. Mulches with alfalfa straw, forest litter, white polyethylene and bare soil, were used. Twenty plants of each species one year-old were transplanted in each of 16 plots (5 × 6 m). The experiment was conducted during one year. R N was higher in plots with forest litter than in other treatments; T a , T S and VPD were higher in bare soil plots than in mulched plots, and SW was higher in mulched plots than in bare soil plots. Ipomoea wolcottiana and Caesalpinia eriostachys registered the highest values of g S and survival, whilst Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis registered the lowest. In polyethylene mulch the three species showed the greatest survival. Mulches mitigate extreme microclimates and increase plant survival during the restoration of dry tropical areas. Key words: low precipitation, microclimate mitigation, native plants, reforestation, stomatal conductance.Resumen: Se examinó el efecto de acolchados en la radiación neta (R N ), temperatura del aire (T a ) y del suelo (T S ), déficit de presión de vapor (DPV), contenido de agua en el suelo (AS), conductancia estomática (g S ) y supervivencia de tres especies nativas en un área degradada de bosque tropical caducifolio. El año de estudio fue seco, con la mitad del promedio de la precipitación anual. Se establecieron 48 parcelas con acolchados de alfalfa, mantillo, polietileno blanco y suelo desnudo. Se transplantaron 20 plantas de cada especie de un año de edad en cada una de las parcelas (5 × 6 m). El experimento se llevó a cabo durante un año. R N fue más alta en los acolchados de mantillo que en los otros tratamientos; AS fue más alto en los acolchados que en el control, mientras que T a , T S , y DPV fueron más altos en el suelo desnudo. Ipomoea wolcottiana y Caesalpinia eriostachys presentaron las g S y supervivencias más altas, y Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis las más bajas. Las tres especies registraron la mayor supervivencia en polietileno. Los acolchados mitigan los microclimas extremos e incrementan la supervivencia vegetal al restaurar las áreas tropicales secas. Palabras clave: baja precipitación, conductancia estomática, mitigación del microclima, plantas nativas, reforestación
Resumen: Los acolchados incrementan la supervivencia vegetal, favorecen el crecimiento al reforestar las áreas tropicales secas y tornan más efi cientes los recursos económicos. En esta investigación se plantearon dos objetivos: (1) determinar a dos años la efi ciencia de la reforestación con acolchados y (2) realizar un análisis del costo económico del uso de los acolchados y la generación de plántulas. Para ello, se examinaron los efectos que tendrían los acolchados en la supervivencia y el crecimiento de tres especies nativas en un área degradada de bosque tropical caducifolio. El periodo de estudio fue seco, con la mitad de la precipitación anual media. Se establecieron 48 cuadros con acolchados de paja de alfalfa, hojarasca, polietileno blanco y suelo desnudo. Ipomoea wolcottiana y Caesalpinia eriostachys presentaron el crecimiento y las supervivencias más altas y Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis las más bajas en acolchados de polietileno. La reforestación con el acolchado de polietileno fue menos costosa que con los otros dos. Palabras clave: baja precipitación, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Ipomoea wolcottiana, Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis, restauración ecológica. Abstract:Mulches increase the plant survival, promoting growth when reforesting tropical dry areas, and make more effi cient economic resources. Two objectives were raised: (1) to determine in two years the effi ciency in reforestation and (2) to perform an analysis of the economic cost of using mulches in the reforestation and the generation of the seedlings. Therefore, the effect on survival and growth of three selected native species in a degraded area of a tropical deciduous forest was evaluated. The study period was dry, with half of the average of annual rainfall. Forty eight plots of mulches with alfalfa straw, forest litter, white polyethylene and bare soil, were used. Growth was the highest in the plot of polyethylene mulch than the other treatments. Ipomoea wolcottiana and Caesalpinia eriostachys had the highest growth and survival rates and Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis the lowest in polyethylene mulch. Reforestation with polyethylene mulch was less expensive than the other two.
Floral morpho-anatomy of the Milla complex genera (Themidaceae) was studied with the aim to confirm the occurrence of a gynophore in Dandya, to determine if there are anatomical characters that allow to distinguish Dandya from the rest of genera of the complex (Behria, Bessera, Jaimehintonia, Milla, and Petronymphe), and to understand their evolution. Floral buds of ten species of the Milla complex were studied through the standard paraffin microtechnique. The results demonstrated the presence of a gynophore without pith in Dandya, while the other genera have a gynophore with pith. In addition, Dandya differs from the other genera of the complex by a closed-stigma with external papillae, nectary cavities of horned-shape with tabular epidermal cells, and filaments with 4-strata of parenchyma cells. Behria and Bessera share characters such as connated stamens and an ovary with the external epidermis papillose. Attributes like gynophore with pith, percentage of adnnation between ovary and floral tube of 20-30%, stigma with an open ending, and nectary cavities with discoidal shape are probably ancestral conditions in the Milla complex, from which transformation of character states occurred mostly in Dandya.
Se examinó el efecto de acolchados en la radiación neta (RN), temperatura del aire (Ta) y del suelo (TS), déficit de presión de vapor (DPV), contenido de agua en el suelo (AS), conductancia estomática (gS) y supervivencia de tres especies nativas en un área degradada de bosque tropical caducifolio. El año de estudio fue seco, con la mitad del promedio de la precipitación anual. Se establecieron 48 parcelas con acolchados de alfalfa, mantillo, polietileno blanco y suelo desnudo. Se transplantaron 20 plantas de cada especie de un año de edad en cada una de las parcelas (5 × 6 m). El experimento se llevó a cabo durante un año. RN fue más alta en los acolchados de mantillo que en los otros tratamientos; AS fue más alto en los acolchados que en el control, mientras que Ta, TS, y DPV fueron más altos en el suelo desnudo. Ipomoea wolcottiana y Caesalpinia eriostachys presentaron las gS y supervivencias más altas, y Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis las más bajas. Las tres especies registraron la mayor supervivencia en polietileno. Los acolchados mitigan los microclimas extremos e incrementan la supervivencia vegetal al restaurar las áreas tropicales secas.
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