Different salicylic and jasmonic acids imbalances are involved in the oxidative 2 stress-mediated cell death, induced by fumonisin B1 in maize seedlings with 3 contrasting resistance to Fusarium verticillioides ear rot in the field. 4 5 ABBREVIATED RUNNING HEADLINE 6 Fumonisin B1 phytotoxicity in maize 7 8 AUTHORS 9Santiago N.
ABSTRACT 28Background and aim. Fungal and plant secondary metabolites modulate the plant-29 pathogen interactions. However, the participation of fumonisins in the Fusarium 30 verticillioides-maize pathosystem is unclear. In this work was studied the cell death, and 31 the reactive oxygen species (ROS) -phytohormone imbalance interplay underlying the 32 phytotoxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize germplasms with contrasting resistance to 33Fusarium ear rot in the field. 34Methods. Resistant (RH) and susceptible hybrid (SH) maize seedlings, grown 35 from uninoculated seeds irrigated with FB1 (1 and 20 ppm), were harvested at 7, 14 and 36 21 days after planting, and were examined for electrolyte leakage (aerial parts); and for 37 oxidative stress biomarkers (aerial parts and roots). The phytohormone (salicylic and 38 jasmonic acids) imbalance interplay underlying the FB1-induced cell death were further 39 explored in seedlings exposed 24 h to the mycotoxin (1 ppm) in hydroponics. 40Results. Cell death increased in RH and SH watered with 1 and 20 ppm of 41 mycotoxin, respectively. Both toxin concentrations were pro-oxidant, and the major 42 perturbations were found in roots. An Integrated Biomarker Response index was 43 calculated suggesting that phytotoxicity occurs in a redox context more efficiently 44 controlled by RH. 45Conclusion. The pre-treatment with the antioxidant ascorbic acid led to the 46 conclusion that cell death in RH was related to a salicylic acid increase mediated by ROS. 47 Nevertheless, FB1 induced two different phytohormonal regulatory mechanisms 48 mediated by oxidative stress in both maize hybrids. 49 50
Resumen: El concepto de función es un objeto matemático fundamental en el proceso de abstracción, en particular, en la función exponencial, la cual es preponderante para el aprendizaje de varios procesos físicos y sociales. Esta función, es parte de los programas de matemáticas desde elinicio de la instrucción escolar hasta el nivel superior, donde la extensión de los mismos, ha limitadosu tiempo de estudio.Aunado a este problema, el sistema tradicional de enseñanza sólo incluye algunos cambios de representación, que de acuerdo con La teoría de registros de representación semiótica (Duval, 1993) no son suficientes para que el estudiante adquiera un entendimiento significativo de esta función. En este artículo se muestra el efecto de la instrucción recibida mediante el coeficiente ganancia normalizada de Hake (1998) a través de una secuencia didáctica. Esta secuencia se fundamenta en los diversos cambios de registros de representación semiótica del concepto de función. Se muestran los efectos de entendimiento de dos grupos, el experimental y el de control. Los resultados indican que el grupo experimental obtuvo una mayor ganancia, y accedió a niveles de entendimiento de Hitt (1998) más altos en comparación con el grupo de control. Además, se obtuvo una correlación de 0.5 entre estos dos índices.
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