The implementation of public policies involves knowing and analyzing the different instruments of public intervention from a transdisciplinary perspective involving legal, economic and political aspects, as this allows to broaden the understanding of the tools available to deal with public issues. In this sense, this paper seeks to present in an integrative and systematic way what have disciplines such as public law, the economy of the public sector and the political sciences, especially public policies, understood for public policy instruments. It takes a particular look at this latter approach and shows why this is the most comprehensive approach. Regarding the methodology, this text is the product of qualitative, theoretical, descriptive and exploratory research of a documentary nature. Among the main findings, intervention instruments were found to guide human behavior towards achieving certain public objectives, constitute the rules of the game and, therefore, serve as institutions that illuminate public action. They are also tools to correct market failures and achieve economic efficiency. Nevertheless, they are not limited to the formal technical and institutional two-dimensional nature of economics and law. Nowadays, the study of intervention instruments must be done in accordance with public policies; it must enable progressing towards context-sensitive governments, the diversity of actors, more active citizenship and the particularities of public affairs.
El artículo describe los controles a la Administración Pública en Colombia y caracteriza los controles al Presupuesto Participativo (en adelante PP) en Medellín, con especial atención al control social que se ejerce sobre este mecanismo de participación que involucra la decisión sobre recursos públicos. La investigación que soporta este texto, planteó como hipótesis que el modelo de controles al cual ha estado sujeto el PP en Medellín, desde 2012 al 2017, ha presentado fallas en su implementación, lo cual ha incidido en su eficacia. Dentro de las conclusiones se destaca que lo relativo al control social, específicamente, ha presentado problemas relacionados con el conocimiento de la ciudadanía frente al PP, la inexistencia de rendiciones de cuentas focalizadas en el PP y la escasa participación ciudadana, todo cuanto ha conducido a que el control social al PP haya sido bajo dentro del periodo de estudio.
This paper explains how fiscal control operated on the participatory budget operated in Medellín, during the 2014-2018 period, under the vision of public administration models. Punctually, this text investigates the criteria followed by the General Comptroller of Medellín to carry out discretionary fiscal control of projects implemented through the Participatory Budget of Medellín. To achieve the above, a qualitative research was carried out; this research involved the use of different strategies. The findings show that fiscal control, activated by the entities of citizen control and the Medellín Council, demonstrate the coordinated work of different actors. But, on the other hand, the discretionary fiscal control exercised by the Comptroller’s Office does not respond to the guidelines of the law, typical of a bureaucratic legalistic model, which makes the selection procedure for such projects arbitrary and diffuse. It is observed that the current institutional design favors this situation.
Luego de más de una década de la implementación del presupuesto participativo en Medellín, consideramos pertinente una revisión de algunos de sus logros y desaciertos, enriquecida con el contraste que ofrecen experiencias internacionales como las de Porto Alegre, en Brasil; La Plata, en Argentina; y San Juan, en Puerto Rico. Hacemos entonces un balance de este mecanismo de participación ciudadana, establecemos sus relaciones con el sistema de controles a la administración pública, revisamos la literatura sobre el tema generada en Medellín, exploramos cómo fue la transferencia de esta política a la ciudad, y la presentamos con sus luces y sombras, contradicciones y posibilidades. Esperamos así aportar a la comunidad académica, a las organizaciones no gubernamentales y a los policy makers elementos de análisis que permitan alimentar el debate en torno al presupuesto participativo como un instrumento relevante para encontrar soluciones concertadas a los problemas públicos locales, la construcción de ciudadanía y el ejercicio democrático.
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