− The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of an artificial mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro and in bean seeds. The phytopathogenic fungus was exposed, in polystyrene plates, to an artificial atmosphere containing a mixture of six VOCs formed by alcohols (ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol and phenylethyl alcohol) and esters (ethyl acetate and ethyl octanoate), in the proportions found in the atmosphere naturally produced by yeast. Bean seeds artificially contamined with the pathogen were fumigated with the mixture of VOCs in sealed glass flasks for four and seven days. In the in vitro assays, the compounds 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol were the most active against S. sclerotiorum, completely inhibiting its mycelial growth at 0.8 µL mL , followed by the ethyl acetate, at 1.2 µL mL -1 . Bean seeds fumigated with the VOCs at 3.5 µL mL -1 showed a 75% reduction in S. sclerotiorum incidence after four days of fumigation. The VOCs produced by S. cerevisiae have potential to control the pathogen in stored seeds.
RESUMO -Pterogyne nitens Tull. (Leguminosae -Caesalpinioideae), espécie florestal nativa da Mata Atlântica, é normalmente utilizada para extração de madeira. Devido à necessidade de ampliação da área produtiva com essa espécie, para fins de exploração comercial, tem-se observado maior interesse em relação às informações sobre qualidade e conservação de suas sementes. Apesar da grande importância econômica das espécies florestais, estudos sobre sanidade de tais sementes são quase inexistentes, principalmente com espécies nativas. Procurou-se, com este trabalho, identificar fungos associados às sementes e sua relação com a germinação de sementes de amendoim-bravo, utilizando-se os métodos de detecção do papel de filtro com congelamento, sem congelamento e de sintomas em plântulas. Detectaram-se os seguintes fungos: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus sp., Cladosporium sp. e Phoma sp. A maior ocorrência foi de fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium. O método do papel de filtro com congelamento permitiu a identificação de Fusarium moniliforme e Alternaria alternata, duas espécies de fungos potencialmente patogênicos. Não foi detectada ocorrência de sintomas relacionados ao ataque de patógenos nas plântulas.Termos para indexação: amendoim bravo, espécie florestal, patologia de sementes, espécie nativa, madeira. HEALTH QUALITY AND GERMINATION OF Pterogyne nitens SEEDSABSTRACT -Pterogyne nitens Tull. (Leguminosae -Caesalpinioideae), wood species native to the Atlantic Rain Forest, is constantly used to extract timber. With the need to amplify the cultivation surface for trade, the interest in information about the quality and conservation of its seeds has increased. In spite of the great economic importance of this species, studies about the health quality of seeds are inexistent, mainly for native species. This paper aims to identify the occurence of pathogens associated in Pterogyne nitens seeds. The fungi were studied in a blotter test with and without freezing and symptoms in seedlings. The following fungi were found in seeds: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus sp., Cladosporium sp. and Phoma sp. The largest occurence found was the fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium. The blotter test with freezing made it possible to identify two species of the potentially pathogenic Fusarium moniliforme and Alternaria alternata. Symptoms in seedlings were not detected.
Recent advances in multispectral imaging-based technology have provided useful information on seed health in order to optimize the quality control process. In this study, we verified the efficiency of multispectral imaging (MSI) combined with statistical models to assess the cowpea seed health and differentiate seeds carrying different fungal species. Seeds were artificially inoculated with Fusarium pallidoroseum, Rhizoctonia solani and Aspergillus sp. Multispectral images were acquired at 19 wavelengths (365 to 970 nm) from inoculated seeds and freeze-killed ‘incubated’ seeds. Statistical models based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were developed using reflectance, color and texture features of the seed images. Results demonstrated that the LDA-based models were efficient in detecting and identifying different species of fungi in cowpea seeds. The model showed above 92% accuracy before incubation and 99% after incubation, indicating that the MSI technique in combination with statistical models can be a useful tool for evaluating the health status of cowpea seeds. Our findings can be a guide for the development of in-depth studies with more cultivars and fungal species, isolated and in association, for the successful application of MSI in the routine health inspection of cowpea seeds and other important legumes.
Este trabalho teve como objetivos fazer um levantamento dos fungos presentes em oito amostras de sementes de ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia serratifolia) e ipê-roxo (T. impetiginosa) coletadas nas regiões de Piracicaba, Mogi-Guaçu e sul de Minas Gerais (Lavras, Ijaci e Itumirim) e determinar os possíveis prejuízos na produção de mudas dessas espécies. O método utilizado para o teste de sanidade foi o de papel de filtro e, para o de germinação, utilizou-se caixa tipo gerbox com substrato de papel à temperatura de 30ºC sob regime de luz constante. As sementes, tanto no teste de sanidade quanto no de germinação, foram subdivididas sendo uma parte submetidas à assepsia superficial com hipoclorito de sódio e a outra não. Avaliou-se a transmissão dos fungos através de lesões encontradas nas plântulas, durante o teste de germinação. Foram identificados e quantificados dezesseis fungos: Cladosporium sp., Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum sp., Phoma sp., Geotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., Trichothecium sp., Phomopsis sp., Drechslera sp., Aspergillus spp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium spp., Macrophomina phaseolina, Nigrospora sp., Lasiodiplodia theobromae e Septoria sp. De maneira geral, a assepsia proporcionou redução drástica na incidência de todos os fungos, em ambas espécies, com uma taxa média de 90%, podendo-se inferir que a maioria dos fungos estava contaminando as sementes. Os fungos não interferiram diretamente na porcentagem de plântulas normais e a assepsia reduziu a germinação em 64%, demonstrando ser fitotóxica. Na transmissão observou-se, em média, 17% e 10% de plântulas com sintomas, nas amostras sem assepsia e com assepsia, respectivamente. Os fungos mais freqüentes transmitidos pelas sementes de ipê-amarelo e roxo foram: Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Phoma sp. e Phomopsis sp.
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