The consumption of marinated anchovies is the main route of transmission of anisakiasis in Spain. Because this country is one of the world's major tourist destinations, this traditional food also poses a potential health risk to millions of foreign visitors. Anisakis larvae are not destroyed by the traditional marinating procedure, and alternative methods, such as long-term storage in brine, freezing, or hydrostatic pressure treatment, all present major difficulties. In this study, we used high food-grade acetic acid concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40% [vol/vol] in line with the quantum satis rule) to destroy these larvae rapidly, and we report data on the survival of Anisakis larvae exposed directly to different marinades and when the larvae are placed under the fish musculature. The percentage of salt and acetic acid in the fish tissue water phase was also determined. A marinating procedure is proposed that ensures the rapid death of Anisakis through the use of strong acetic acid concentrations. Posttreatment washes with water reduce these to levels acceptable to consumers. The sensory characteristics of the product were shown to be satisfactory. The actual selection of an acetic acid concentration for marinating depends on costs and the processing time available. The physiological stress of the larvae exposed to the different marinades was determined by measuring the levels of their stress proteins. The latter are good indicators of injury and might reflect the infectivity of larvae. In addition, we also used a rat model to determine the infectivity of larvae considered microscopically dead.
El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar las relaciones existentes entre el tipo de conflicto -centrado en las tareas vs. centrado en las relaciones-y el clima en los equipos de trabajo. 169 empleados de diferentes organizaciones de servicios fueron analizados.
RESUMENSe evaluó el semen crioconservado de Sorubim cuspicaudus utilizando etilenglicol (ETG) a tres niveles de inclusión (5, 10, 15 %). Machos (n = 13) en fase de espermiación y hembras (n = 6) en maduración final se indujeron con 0,4 ml de Ovaprim®/Kg, después de 12 a 14 horas post-inducción se colectó el semen en viales Eppendorf de 2 ml de capacidad. Las diferentes soluciones crioprotectoras se prepararon con glucosa 6 % (p/v), leche en polvo descremada 5 % (pv) y agua destilada. El semen fue diluido en proporción 1:3 (semen:diluyente), empacado en macrotubos de 2,5 ml y congelado en vapores de nitrógeno líquido (NL) durante 30 minutos y luego almacenados en termos criogénicos sumergidos directamente en NL (-196 °C). El semen crioconservado fue descongelado en baño serológico a 35 °C durante 90 segundos. La movilidad total, progresividad y velocidad espermática del semen fresco y descongelado se analizó con el software Sperm Class Analizer SCA® (Microptic SL, España). La fertilidad y eclosión se evaluó con 1,0-1,5 g de ovocitos en incubadoras experimentales de flujo ascendente de dos litros de capacidad. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado. El semen fresco registró tasa de eclosión de 51,8±21 %, sin observarse diferencia significativa con la obtenida con el semen crioconservado con ETG 5 % (38,6 ± 13,9 %) (p> 0,05); mientras que ETG 15 % (9,6 ± 2,9 %) reportó la menor eclosión (p <0,05). Los resultados sugieren que la solución crioprotectora compuesta por ETG 5 %, glucosa 6 % y leche en polvo 5 % es una alternativa viable para la crioconservación de semen de Sorubim cuspicaudus con fecundaciones similares al usar semen fresco.Palabras clave: análisis seminal, Colombia, crioprotectores, fertilidad, reproducción. ABSTRACTThe catfish Sorubim cuspicaudus cryopreservation semen was evaluated using three levels (5, 10, 15 %) of ethylene glycol (ETG). Males (n = 13) undergoing spermiation and in final maturation females (n = 6) were induced with 0.4 ml Ovaprim®/Kg, after
Resumen E n la actualidad, asistimos a una gran riqueza de aportaciones teóricas y metodológicas vinculadas al estudio, valoración y actuación en el paisaje. Entre ellas, prevalecen las de carácter parcial, válidas exclusivamente para determinados paisajes, predominantemente naturales o rurales. Esto ha dado lugar a una situación de desvalimiento teórico, conceptual y metodológico a la hora de abordar aquellos paisajes de carácter urbano, lo que plantea la necesidad de introducir un giro en esta tendencia que tenga como objetivo abordar de una forma más profunda el estudio y tratamiento de estos paisajes. Cuestión, esta, que viene además reforzada por la promulgación del Convenio Europeo del Paisaje (CEP). El presente artículo sostiene la hipótesis de que es la metodología británica Landscape Character Assessment la que resulta más reveladora en este sentido. Así pues, en las próximas páginas nos detendremos en analizar esta metodología en profundidad con el objetivo de conocer más acerca de ella, valorar su adecuación a los postulados que el CEP establece para, en último término, demostrar su validez a la hora de avanzar en la definición de un corpus teórico y metodológico que contemple el estudio y tratamiento en profundidad del paisaje urbano desde su especificidad.Palabras clave: Convenio Europeo del Paisaje, Landscape Character Assessment, metodología, paisaje urbano Abstract:At present, we are witnessing a great wealth of theoretical and methodological contributions related to the study, assessment and action in the landscape. Among them, those of a partial nature prevail, valid exclusively for certain landscapes, predominantly natural or rural. This has led to a situation of theoretical, conceptual and methodological helplessness when dealing with those landscapes of an urban nature. This raises the need to introduce a turn in this trend that aims to address in a more profound way the study and treatment of these landscapes. This aspect is also reinforced by the enactment of the European Landscape Convention (ELC). This article supports the hypothesis that it is the British Landscape Character Assessment methodology that is the most revealing in this regard. Therefore, in the following pages we will stop to analyze this methodology in depth with the objective of knowing more about it, assessing its adequacy to the postulates that the ELC establishes, in the end, to prove its validity when it comes to advancing in the definition of a theoretical and methodological corpus that contemplates the study and in-depth treatment of the urban landscape from its specificity. Aplicación de la metodología Landscape Character Assessment en el estudio y tratamiento del paisaje urbano Estoa N o 16 / Vol 8 / Julio 2019 e -ISSN:1390-9274 DOI: 10.18537/est.v008.n016.a11 en el estudio y tratamiento del paisaje urbano
The beginning of the learning of the architectural project is possibly one of the most memorable beginnings that any architect can undertake in his training. It is the starting point of an activity that will accompany you throughout your career. A learning that, in these early years of waking up to architectural creation, becomes exciting and intense. This paper aims to define a series of approaches in the teaching of the architectural project that, centered on the recognition of the student in the initial stages of his training as an architect, support his initiation in learning in the process of projecting through the establishment of a series of training strategies that offer a progress in the teaching of the architectural project based on a formative teaching, focused on developing personal attitudes and skills that foster creative thinking and that foster a capacity for criticism, analysis and reflection.
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