Background: Pediatric patients undergoing surgery under anesthesia may experience anxiety and distress during the perioperative period, for which benzodiazepines (BZD) can be employed as premedication in these scenarios. For this reason, it is important to highlight the pharmacological profile, use, and possible side effects in the pediatric perioperative population. Methods: Narrative Review using the Pubmed, Scopus and Embase databases for articles between 2000 and 2021 in English and Spanish using the keywords "Benzodiazepines", "Pediatric Anesthesiology", "Pharmacology", "Adverse Effects", and "Cerebral Apoptosis" Results: The principal side effects seen with BZD use in children mainly revolves around neurological manifestations, which include sedation, respiratory depression and prolonged awakening. There is evidence on the effectiveness of BZD in the pediatric population, which is used in a limited number of situations, such as surgical procedures that trigger acute anxiety. Conclusion: BZD has been widely studied in the literature, however it is important to highlight the possible complications and level of safety in the pediatric population. It has been evidenced that prolonged treatments not only increase the severity of neurodegeneration in the most vulnerable cerebral regions, but also trigger certain connectomic pathologies through wallerian and transneuronal degeneration.

Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is indicated to protect and control the airway. As in any medical process, patients who require advanced airway management are not exempt from experiencing sequelae, especially when more manipulation is required to secure the airway, or in combination with procedures that may affect airway structures such as adenotonsillectomy. It is important to keep in mind that short-term intubation in healthy patients can result in significant tracheal inflammation at the microscopic level without creating symptoms. This finding has been demonstrated by studies such as the one done by Puyo et al. 1 which showed that adult patients intubated for 3 h during surgical procedures had a 10-fold increase in the number of polymorphonuclear cells between intubation and extubation. The innate immune system intervenes in the perioperative period since it is involved in the pathophysiological characteristics of subglottic stenosis and other endotracheal injuries secondary to ETI because the tracheal mucosa is constantly exposed to endogenous

Phantom limb syndrome (PLS) is a condition that occurs in amputee patients that has a wide array of different treatment approaches. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) of the right upper limb secondary to polytrauma with complete brachial plexus injury, who, after being subjected to multiple successful therapies, was finally taken to amputation. Later, he developed a painful PLS that was difficult to manage, which was treated with a stellate ganglion block (SGB), achieving a significant decrease in pain. This article aims to present a case in which a SGB was used as an adjunct to control acute postoperative PLS in a patient with previous sensitization due to CRPS. The SGB, in this case, performed with local anesthetic plus corticosteroid, constitutes a useful therapeutic alternative for intense postoperative pain in PLS, achieving adequate pain relief without adverse effects. However, its routine use as in acute postoperative pain still lacks sufficient evidence for complete support, therefore we urge the scientific community to undertake more in-depth research concerning this topic in order to create clear guidelines and recommendations.

Introduction: The practice of anesthesiology during the COVID-19 pandemic has had a psychological impact, and has been associated with ethical dilemmas, work overload, and occupational risk. Objective: To understand different problems affecting anesthesiologists, in particular with regards to professional ethics in the decision-making process, increased personal workload, and the potential risk in terms of their own safety and health, as a consequence of working during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. A survey was administered to the anesthesiologists members of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (S.C.A.R.E.), to enquire about work hours, occupational safety, prevention standards and strategies, and ethical aspects involved in decision making. Results: 218 anesthesiologist participated in the survey. Most of the respondents felt that there was not a significant increase in their workload, except for those in critical care (42.5 %; n = 17). Most of the participants believe that leisure time is not enough. 55.96 % (n = 122) of the participants said they felt moderately safe with the biosecurity measures, but with a higher risk of contagion versus other practitioners, with 72.9 % (n = 159) and they said they used their own money to buy personal protection equipment (PPE). There was also evidence that one fourth of the respondents has faced ethical dilemmas during the resuscitation of SARS-CoV-2 – infected patients. Conclusion: The information gathered is a preliminary approach to the situation arising in Colombia as a result of the pandemic; it is clear that anesthesiologists perceive higher associated lack of safety due to different factors such as higher risk of infection, shortage of PEEs and   burnout, inter alia. Hence we believe that it is fundamental to acknowledge the work of all anesthesiologists and understand the impact that the pandemic has had on this group of professionals.

Polyomaviridae members are DNA viruses that infect a variety of species. Since the first polyomavirus was isolated in 1953, technological advancements have led to the discovery of many polyomaviruses in multiple species. The Polyomavirus Episteme curates data about each polyomavirus, drawing from public databases to present known taxonomic, genomic, and clinical information about polyomaviruses.